不动点求通项
1、一阶线性递推式:
a
n
+
1
=
c
a
n
+
d
,
c
≠
0
,
c
≠
1
a_{n+1}=ca_n+d,c\neq 0,c\neq 1
an+1=can+d,c=0,c=1,已知
a
1
a_1
a1的值
特征方程:
f
(
x
)
=
a
x
+
b
f(x)=ax+b
f(x)=ax+b,令
f
(
x
)
=
x
f(x)=x
f(x)=x,解得特征根为
x
0
x_0
x0,则可得:
a
n
−
x
0
=
c
(
a
n
−
1
−
x
0
)
=
c
n
−
1
(
a
1
−
x
0
)
a_n-x_0=c(a_{n-1}-x_0)=c^{n-1}(a_1-x_0)
an−x0=c(an−1−x0)=cn−1(a1−x0)
a
n
=
c
n
−
1
(
a
1
−
x
0
)
+
x
0
a_n=c^{n-1}(a_1-x_0)+x_0
an=cn−1(a1−x0)+x0
当
x
0
=
a
1
x_0= a_1
x0=a1时,
a
n
=
x
0
a_n=x_0
an=x0
当
x
0
≠
a
1
x_0\neq a_1
x0=a1时,
a
n
=
c
n
−
1
(
a
1
−
x
0
)
+
x
0
a_n=c^{n-1}(a_1-x_0)+x_0
an=cn−1(a1−x0)+x0
2、二阶线性递推:
a
n
+
2
=
p
a
n
+
1
+
q
a
n
a_{n+2}=pa_{n+1}+qa_{n}
an+2=pan+1+qan,已知
a
1
,
a
2
a_1,a_2
a1,a2,可以联立求得A、B
特征方程:
x
2
=
p
x
+
q
x^2=px+q
x2=px+q,设有特征根
x
1
,
x
2
x_1,x_2
x1,x2,
当
x
1
≠
x
2
x_1\neq x_2
x1=x2时,
a
n
=
A
x
1
n
−
1
+
B
x
2
n
−
1
a_n=Ax_1^{n-1}+Bx_2^{n-1}
an=Ax1n−1+Bx2n−1
当
x
1
=
x
2
x_1=x_2
x1=x2时,
a
n
=
(
A
+
B
n
)
x
1
n
−
1
a_n=(A+Bn)x_1^{n-1}
an=(A+Bn)x1n−1
3、分式递推式:
a
n
+
1
=
a
a
n
+
b
c
a
n
+
d
a_{n+1}=\frac {aa_{n}+b}{ca_n+d}
an+1=can+daan+b,
r
≠
0
,
a
d
≠
b
c
,
a
1
≠
−
d
c
r\neq 0,ad\neq bc,a_1\neq -\frac dc
r=0,ad=bc,a1=−cd,已知
a
1
a_1
a1的值
特征方程:
x
=
a
x
+
b
c
x
+
d
x=\frac {ax+b}{cx+d}
x=cx+dax+b,设
x
1
,
x
2
x_1,x_2
x1,x2是两个特征根,
当 x 1 ≠ x 2 x_1\neq x_2 x1=x2时, a n − x 1 a n − x 2 = a − x 1 c a − x 2 c × a n − 1 − x 1 a n − 1 − x 2 \frac {a_n-x_1}{a_n-x_2}=\frac {a-x_1c}{a-x_2c}\times \frac{a_{n-1}-x_1}{a_{n-1}-x_2} an−x2an−x1=a−x2ca−x1c×an−1−x2an−1−x1
当 x 1 = x 2 x_1= x_2 x1=x2时, 1 a n − x 1 = 1 a n − 1 − x 1 + 2 c a + d \frac 1{a_n-x_1}=\frac 1{a_{n-1}-x_1}+\frac {2c}{a+d} an−x11=an−1−x11+a+d2c
型如:
a
n
+
1
=
a
n
2
+
b
a
n
+
d
a_{n+1}=\frac {a_n^2+b}{a_n+d}
an+1=an+dan2+b
例:已知数列 {
a
n
a_n
an},
a
n
+
1
=
a
n
2
+
2
2
a
n
,
a
1
=
2
a_{n+1}=\frac {a_n^2+2}{2a_n},a_1=2
an+1=2anan2+2,a1=2,求通项
解: f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 2 x = x , x 1 = 2 , x 2 = − 2 f(x)=\frac {x^2+2}{2x}=x,x_1=\sqrt 2,x_2=-\sqrt 2 f(x)=2xx2+2=x,x1=2,x2=−2
a n + 1 − 2 a n + 1 + 2 = ( a n − 2 a n + 2 ) 2 = ( a 1 − 2 a 1 + 2 ) 2 n − 1 \frac {a_{n+1}-2}{a_{n+1}+2}=(\frac {a_{n}-2}{a_{n}+2})^2=(\frac {a_1-2}{a_1+2})^{2^{n-1}} an+1+2an+1−2=(an+2an−2)2=(a1+2a1−2)2n−1
解得:
a
n
=
2
×
(
2
+
2
)
2
n
−
1
+
(
2
−
2
)
2
n
−
1
(
2
+
2
)
2
n
−
1
−
(
2
−
2
)
2
n
−
1
a_n=\sqrt 2\times \frac{ (2+\sqrt 2)^{2^{n-1} } +(2-\sqrt 2)^{2^{n-1}} }{ (2+\sqrt 2)^{2^{n-1} } -(2-\sqrt 2)^{2^{n-1}} }
an=2×(2+2)2n−1−(2−2)2n−1(2+2)2n−1+(2−2)2n−1