"su"命令和"su -"的不同之处

你知道su命令和su - 命令之间的细微区别吗？其实之前我也不知道（还以为是一样的呢），今天才发现，原来两者是有区别的。

1 . 示例一

[qs@qs ~]$ id
uid=500(qs) gid=500(qs) groups=500(qs)
[qs@qs ~]$ su
Password: 
[root@qs qs]# id（使用id命令查看确实是root身份）
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@qs qs]# env |grep qs
HOSTNAME=qs
HADOOP_HOME=/home/qs/single_point_hadoop/hadoop-2.6.4
USER=qs
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/qs
PATH=/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/apache-maven-3.3.9/bin:/usr/local/eclipse:/usr/jdk1.8.0_73//bin:/usr/jdk1.8.0_73//jre/bin:/usr/local/apache-storm-0.10.0/apache-storm-0.10.0/bin:/usr/local/zookeeper-3.4.8:bin:/home/qs/single_point_hadoop/hadoop-2.6.4/bin:/home/qs/bin:/home/qs/single_point_hadoop/hadoop-2.6.4/bin
PWD=/home/qs
LOGNAME=qs
[root@qs qs]# mail (竟然不是root用户的mail)
Heirloom Mail version 12.4 7/29/08.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/qs": 5 messages
>   1 qs                    Fri Jul 22 16:57  15/496   "Output from your job        1"
    2 qs                    Fri Jul 22 17:18  15/493   "Output from your job        4"
    3 qs                    Fri Jul 22 17:26  15/493   "Output from your job        5"
    4 qs                    Fri Jul 22 17:28  15/493   "Output from your job        6"
    5 qs                    Fri Jul 22 17:30  69/1538  "Output from your job        7"
& 

• 通过上面的例子我们可以看出：使用”su”命令切换为root用户的时候，系统使用的还是之前的用户的环境变量。那么，这样就会导致一个问题–很多属于root的指令没法直接执行，想要执行的话，只能使用命令的绝对路径。

---

2 . 示例二

[qs@qs ~]$ id
uid=500(qs) gid=500(qs) groups=500(qs)
[qs@qs ~]$ su - （使用"su -"命令而不是"su"命令）
Password: 
[root@qs ~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@qs ~]# env |grep qs
HOSTNAME=qs
[root@qs ~]# env |grep root
USER=root
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root
PATH=/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/apache-maven-3.3.9/bin:/usr/local/eclipse:/usr/jdk1.8.0_73//bin:/usr/jdk1.8.0_73//jre/bin:/usr/local/apache-storm-0.10.0/apache-storm-0.10.0/bin:/usr/local/zookeeper-3.4.8:bin:/root/bin
PWD=/root
HOME=/root
LOGNAME=root
XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthbAQY3u
[root@qs ~]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.4 7/29/08.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 21 messages 17 new
    1 Anacron               Sun Mar 27 18:35  18/615   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
    2 Anacron               Mon Mar 28 20:18  18/615   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
    3 Anacron               Tue Mar 29 11:50  18/615   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
    4 Anacron               Wed Mar 30 10:32  18/615   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
>N  5 Anacron               Thu Mar 31 10:30  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N  6 Anacron               Sun Apr  3 10:17  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N  7 Anacron               Tue Apr  5 09:27  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N  8 Anacron               Fri Apr  8 14:35  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N  9 Anacron               Tue Apr 12 10:30  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 10 Anacron               Tue Apr 12 11:17  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 11 Anacron               Thu Apr 14 19:10  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 12 Anacron               Fri Apr 15 13:30  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 13 qs@qs.localdomain     Sat Apr 16 22:02  16/601   "*** SECURITY information for qs ***"
 N 14 Anacron               Sun Apr 17 13:06  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 15 Anacron               Sat Apr 23 19:08  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 16 Anacron               Sat Apr 23 20:13  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 17 Anacron               Wed Apr 27 16:17  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 18 Anacron               Wed Apr 27 17:28  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 19 Anacron               Sat Apr 30 12:09  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 20 Anacron               Tue May 10 09:13  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
 N 21 Anacron               Wed May 11 11:08  17/604   "Anacron job 'cron.daily' on qs"
& 

• 通过这个例子和第一个例子的对比我们可以看到”su”命令和”su -“命令的不同之处了吧。

简单地说：”su”命令并没有真正切换到root用户；如果想要真正切换到root用户，应该使用”su -“命令。