python面向对象的魔术

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call

对象加()执行时调用的函数

slots

	__slots__ = ("__storage__", "__ident_func__")
	把括号中的属性变为只读

init

	类初始化为对象时,调用

iter

	实现了__iter__的对象为可迭代对象,返回一个可进行__next__的对象
	for i in xxx:
	首先会调用xxx.__iter__

next

	实现了＿＿iter__和__next__的对象定义为迭代器

getattribute

a.xxx,getattr(a,"xxx")
1.首先去找__getattribute__,通过__getattribute__获取xxx的值
2.如果a没有__getattribute__,则直接去找a的属性xxx
3. 如果a没有属性xxx,去找__getattr__,获取
4. 如果都没有则报错

class b:
    def __init__(self):
        self.xxx = "dd"# 优先级别2
    def __getattribute__(self, item):# 优先级别1
        return "getattribute"
    def __getattr__(self, item):# 优先级别3
        return "getattr"
        
a = b()
print(getattr(a, "xxx"))

getattr

	看上面__getattribute__

get

实现了__get__的为数据描述符

class C:
    a = 'abc'

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("__getattribute__() is called")
        # print(1, object.__getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs))
        return object.__getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        print("__getattr__() is called")
        return name + " from getattr"

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print("__get__() is called", instance, owner)  # instance 是访问desciptor的实例
        return self

    def foo(self, x):
        print(x)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print('__call__() is called', args, kwargs)


class C2:
    d = C()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    c = C()
    c2 = C2()
    print(c.a)  # 1、__getattribute__() is called 2、abc  先调用__getattribute__()方法，然后获取属性
    print(c.zzzzzzzz)  # 1、__getattribute__() is called 2、__getattr__() is called 3、zzzzzzzz from getattr
    print(c2.d)  # d是C类的实例，而C因为存在__get__()方法，而变成描述符，访问文件描述符的实例的时候，默认应该是不走__getattribute__方法，所以也就更不可能调用到__getattr__()方法
    # 1、__get__() is called 2、C2 object 3、C2 4、d指向的实例C object
    print('//')
    print(c2.d.a)  # 同上面一样会先获取d，走__get__()方法，然后获取a属性的时候又会走__getattribute__
    # 1、__get__() is called 2、C2 object 3、C2 4、__getattribute__ 5、abc
    print('..................................')
    print(c2.d.b)  # 继续上面的逻辑，是描述符，到获取b属性，没有找到走__getattr__()方法返回
    # 1、__get__() is called 2、C2 object 3、C2 4、__getattribute__ 5、__get__ 6、b from getattr
    print('----------------------------------')
    print(c())  # 实例本身调用是调用的call方法
    print('**********************************')
    print(c.c)  # 非文件描述符的还是老思路 getattribute==>getattr
    # 1、__getattribute__ 2、__getattr__ 3、c from getattr

setattr