Oracle数据库经典sql语句

经典sql语句

本文章将详细介绍oracle数据操作中的一些详细的sql

• 基本sql
• 字符函数
• 数学函数
• 日期时间处理函数
• 聚合函数

---

基础sql

以下主要列出来常用的sql

--新建表：
create table table_name( 
        id  varchar2(300) primary key, 
        name varchar2(200) not null
);

--插入数据   
insert into table_name (id,name) values ('aa','bb');  

--更新数据   
update table_name set id = 'bb' where id='cc';

--删除数据   
delete from  table_name  where id ='cc';

--删除表    
drop table table_name;

--修改表名： 
alter table table_name rename to table_name_1;

--表数据复制：
insert into table1 (select * from table2);

--复制表结构： 
create table table1 select * from table2 where 1>1;

--复制表结构和数据：
create table table1 select * from table2;

--复制指定字段： 
create table table1 as select id, name from table2 where 1>1;

--条件查询： 
select id,name (
case gender when 0 then '男'
            when 1 then '女' end  ) gender 
from  table1

字符函数

--字符函数
select substr('abcdefg',1,5)substr,                     --字符串截取
       instr('abcdefg','bc') instr,                     --查找子串

       'Hello'||'World' concat,                         --连接

       trim('  wish  ') trim,                           --去前后空格
       rtrim('wish  ') rtrim,                           --去后面空格
       ltrim('  wish') ltrim,                           --去前面空格

       trim(leading 'w' from 'wish') deleteprefix,      --去前缀
       trim(trailing 'h' from 'wish') deletetrailing,   --去后缀
       trim('w' from 'wish') trim1,

       ascii('A') A1, 
       ascii('a') A2,                                   --ascii(转换为对应的十进制数)
       chr(65) C1, 
       chr(97) C2,                                      --chr(十进制转对应字符)

       length('abcdefg') len,                           --length 

       lower('WISH')lower, 
       upper('wish')upper, 
       initcap('wish')initcap,                            --大小写变换

       replace('wish1','1','youhappy') replace,           --替换

       translate('wish1','1','y')translate,               --转换，对应一位(前面的位数大于等于后面的位数)
       translate('wish1','sh1','hy')translate1,

       concat('11','22') concat          　　　　　　　　   --连接


from dual;



--to_number

--to_number(expr)
--to_number(expr,format)
--to_number(expr,format,'nls-param')

select to_number('0123')number1,       --converts a string to number
       trunc(to_number('0123.123'),2) number2,
       to_number('120.11','999.99') number3,
 　　　 to_number('0a','xx') number4,     --converts a hex number to decimal
       to_number(100000,'xxxxxx') number5

from dual;

数学函数

--绝对值：abs()
   select abs(-2) value from dual;          --(2)

--取整函数（大）：ceil（）
   select ceil(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-2)

--取整函数（小）：floor（）
   select floor(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-3)

--取整函数（截取）：trunc（）
   select trunc(-2.001) value from dual;       -- (-2)

--四舍五入：round（）
   select round(1.234564,4) value from dual;       --(1.2346)

--取平方：Power（m,n）
   select power(4,2) value from dual;       --(16)

--取平方根:SQRT()
   select sqrt(16) value from dual;       --(4)

--取随机数:dbms_random(minvalue,maxvalue)
   select dbms_random.value() from dual;  (默认是0到1之间)
　select dbms_random.value(2,4) value from dual;  （2-4之间随机数）

--取符号：Sign()
　　select sign(-3) value from dual; --(-1)
　　select sign(3) value from dual; --(1)


--取集合的最大值:greatest(value)
   select greatest(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(9)

--取集合的最小值:least(value)
   select least(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(-1)

--处理Null值：nvl(空值，代替值)
   select  nvl(null,10) value from dual;       --(10)
　　
   select nvl(score,10) score from student;

日期函数

--日期
--年 yyyy yyy yy year
--月 month mm mon month
--日+星期  dd ddd(一年中第几天) dy day 
--小时  hh hh24 
--分 mi
--秒 ss

select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime, 
       to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') year,
       to_char(sysdate,'mm') month,
       to_char(sysdate,'dd') day,
       to_char(sysdate,'day') week,
       to_char(sysdate,'hh24')hour,
       to_char(sysdate,'mi') minute,
       to_char(sysdate,'ss') second
from dual;

select to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'yyyy')year,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mm')month,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'dd') day,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day') week,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=American') week, --设置语言
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'hh24')hour,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mi') minute,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'ss') second
from dual;

--months_between
 select months_between(to_date('03-31-2014','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-2013','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS"
 FROM DUAL;

--next_day
select sysdate today, next_day(sysdate,6) nextweek from dual;

--时间区间
select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')  
between 
to_date('2014-02-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') and 
to_date('2014-05-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');  

--interval 间隔
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') currenttime,
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' year,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalyear,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' month,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMonth,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' day,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalday,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' hour,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalHour,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' minute,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMinute,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' second,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalSecond  
from dual;  


--add_months 增加月份
select add_months(sysdate,12) newtime from dual;

--extract
select extract(month from sysdate) "This Month",
extract(year from add_months(sysdate,36)) " Years" from dual; 

聚合函数

--count
select count(1) as count from student;--效率最高
select count(*) as count from student;    
select count(distinct score) from student; 

--avg
--distinct|all
select avg(score) score from student;
select avg(distinct score) from student;
select classno,avg(score) score from student group by classno;

--max
--distinct|all
select max(score) from student;
select classno, max(score) score from student group by classno;

--min
--distinct|all
select min(score) from student;
select classno, min(score) score from student group by classno;

--stddev（standard deviation）标准差
select stddev(score) from student;
select classno, stddev(score) score from student group by classno;

--sum
select sum(score) from student;
select classno, sum(score) score from student group by classno;

--median--中位数
select median(score) from student;
select classno, median(score) score from student group by classno;

伪列rownum

--rownum小于某个数时可以直接作为查询条件（注意oracle不支持select top）
select * from student where rownum <3;

--查询rownum大于某个数值,需要使用子查询，并且rownum需要有别名
select * from(
    select rownum rn ,id,name from student
    ) 
where rn>2;

    select rownum rn, student.* from student
where rn >3;

--区间查询
select * from (
    select rownum rn, student.* from student) 
where rn >3 and rn<6;

--排序+前n条
select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
        select d.* from DJDRUVER d order  by drivernumber)t 
 )p where p.rn<10;

--排序+区间查询1
select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
        select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES
        )t 
    )p where p.rn<9 and p.rn>6;

--排序+区间查询2
select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
        select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES
        where rownum<9 
where p.rn>6;--效率远高于方式一

分页查询

--假设每页显示10条

--效率低

select * from (
    select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p 
where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;

select * from (
    select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p 
where p.rn between 10 and 20;

--效率高 

select * from (
    select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d where rownum<=20 )p 
where p.rn>=10;


--排序+区间查询1（效率低）

select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
        select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES
    )t 
)p 
where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;

select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
    )t 
)p 
where p.rn between 10 and 20;

--排序+区间查询2（效率高） 

select * from (
    select rownum rn, t.* from ( 
        select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES
        where rownum<=20 
)p 
where p.rn>=10;