Emotiv 脑电帽测量原理 The science behind emotiv

Spatial resolution

Whole brain sensing

The brain is a very complex system. The frontal cortex, the region where most of your conscious thoughts and decisions are made, conducts much less than a tenth of the total activity in the brain.

 Planning, modeling of your surroundings, interpretation of sensory inputs up to and including your perception of reality, memory processing and storage and the basic drivers of your moods and emotions occur in many functional regions distributed around the brain, including the visual cortex at the rear, temporal cortex at the sides, parietal cortex behind the crown of your head and the limbic system deep inside the brain. The limbic system controls your basic moods and emotions, your fight/flight response and deeper long term memory encoding as well as control of basic bodily functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

规划，周围环境建模，感知输入的解释，包括您对现实的感知，记忆处理和存储以及您的情绪和情绪的基本驱动因素发生在大脑周围的许多功能区域，包括后方的视觉皮层 ，两侧的颞叶皮质，头顶后面的顶叶皮层和大脑深处的边缘系统。 边缘系统控制您的基本情绪和情绪，您的战斗/飞行反应和更深层的长期记忆编码以及控制基本的身体机能，如呼吸和心跳。

 Most of these deeper functions interact intimately with different parts of the cortex (the outer layer which is accessible to EEG measurements) however the interaction is quite complex and distributed. In order to map the true activity of the brain it is very important to measure signals from many different cortical structures located all around the brain surface. It is not possible to map these signals purely from the frontal and temporal regions. Determination of the user’s complete mental state is very poorly approximated unless signals from the rear of the brain are also considered.

大多数这些更深层的功能与皮质的不同部分（EEG测量可接近的外层）密切相互作用，但是相互作用非常复杂和分布。 为了映射大脑的真实活动，测量来自位于大脑表面周围的许多不同皮层结构的信号是非常重要的。 不可能纯粹从正面和颞区域映射这些信号。 除非还考虑来自大脑后部的信号，否则很难近似确定用户的完整心理状态。

With proper coverage and electrode configuration, it is possible to reconstruct a source model of all important brain regions and to see their interplay. Alternative systems missing these critical signals will tell less than half of the story. Generally they are restricted to determining level of consciousness, the amount and intensity of processing and (in some cases) the left/right hemispheric imbalance in frontal signals. While these are useful in some contexts, they provide a very limited and inaccurate view of the user’s state of mind.

通过适当的覆盖和电极配置，可以重建所有重要大脑区域的源模型并查看它们的相互作用。 缺少这些关键信号的替代系统将说明不到一半的故事。 通常，它们仅限于确定意识水平，处理的量和强度以及（在某些情况下）正面信号中的左/右半球不平衡。 虽然这些在某些情况下很有用，但它们提供了对用户心态的非常有限且不准确的视图。

 

The EMOTIV difference

Our devices have been developed for research and development applications. We have maintained an uncompromising approach to the design and development of our mobile EEG systems and we believe that spatial resolution; detecting activity across the main cortices of the brain is crucial to obtaining high-quality data. The wealth of data we have accumulated and analyzed and our detection algorithms, we believe, are second to none.

我们的设备已经开发用于研究和开发应用。 我们对移动EEG系统的设计和开发保持了不妥协的态度，我们相信空间分辨率; 检测大脑主要皮质的活动对于获得高质量数据至关重要。 我们认为，我们积累和分析的大量数据以及我们的检测算法都是首屈一指的。

Our sensor tip materials are safe, easy and comfortable to use for extended periods of time and all removable parts are replaceable providing longevity and performance.Our technology is backed and trusted by the scientific, academic, engineering and media communities and has been validated via scores of independent research papers.

我们的传感器尖端材料使用时间长，安全，方便，舒适，所有可拆卸部件均可更换，可延长使用寿命和性能。我们的技术得到了科学，学术，工程和媒体社区的支持和信赖，并通过大量独立研究论文得到了验证。

 Performance Metrics  – EMOTIV currently measures 6 different cognitive states in real time – Excitement (Arousal), Interest (Valence), Stress (Frustration), Engagement/Boredom, Attention (Focus) and Meditation (Relaxation). We continue to improve and refine our performance metrics algorithms as well as build new detections. These detections were developed based on rigorous experimental studies involving volunteers for each state, where subjects were taken through experiences to elicit different levels of the desired state. They were wired up with many additional biometric measures (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, blood volume flow, skin impedance and eye tracking), observed and recorded by a trained psychologist and also self-reported. EMOTIV performance metrics have been validated in many independent peer-reviewed studies.

EMOTIV目前实时测量6种不同的认知状态 - 兴奋（唤醒），兴趣（效价），压力（挫折），参与/厌倦，注意力（焦点）和冥想（放松）。 我们将继续改进和优化我们的性能指标算法以及构建新的检测。 这些检测是基于严格的实验研究而开发的，所述实验研究涉及每个州的志愿者，其中受试者通过经历获得所需状态的不同水平。 他们接受了许多额外的生物特征测量（心率，呼吸，血压，血容量流量，皮肤阻抗和眼睛跟踪），由训练有素的心理学家观察和记录，并自我报告。 EMOTIV绩效指标已在许多独立的同行评审研究中得到验证。

How accurate is your detection?

Our detections vary in accuracy. Each detection has its own 'accuracy' figure and indeed the accuracy expressed is an average across users, therefore for some people the detection is more accurate than the quoted figure and for others the accuracy is less.

Cognitiv can achieve very high accuracy for a single command and the accuracy becomes less when more actions are added. But in this case the accuracy is also strongly dependent on the user's skill level and ability to remember the mental state used in training.

Affectiv detections (i.e. Performance Metrics) vary significantly. Excitement is very accurate, Frustration and Engagement a little less and Meditation covers some types of meditation quite well and others less so (for example, meditation styles may have high or low cognitive involvement).

Overall our accuracy is determined by an index calculated within specified time segments. A True Positive (TP) is a correct activation of an event, True Negative (TN) is a period of time where no actions are attempted and none are detected, and False Negatives (FN) and False Positives (FP) are failures to trigger in the required period, or a trigger occurring incorrectly. Accuracy is determined by (TP+TN)/(TP+FP+TN+FN)

Measurement accuracy of the device is technically: minimum voltage resolution 0.51uV, 14 bit accuracy, 0.2-43Hz bandwidth.、

How Does EPOC Compare To A Conventional EEG System?

There are several validation papers including a recent one where EPOC and a research EEG system were simultaneously fitted during an auditory evoked potential experiment. The derived traces from adjacent frontal locations are identical to within the experimental uncertainty level for ERPs down to a few tens of milliseconds.