hdu5810 Balls and Boxes（数学）

思路：妈呀数学智障并不知道怎么推...全靠意识...

E[V]=E[​m​​∑​i=1​m​​(X​i​​−​X​¯​​)​2​​​​]=E[(X​i​​−​X​¯​​)​2​​]=E[X​i​2​​−2X​i​​​X​¯​​+​X​¯​​​2​​]

= E[X_i^2] - 2\bar XE[X_i] + E[\bar X^2] = E[X_i^2] - 2\bar X^2 + \bar X^2 = E[X_i^2] - \frac{n^2}{m^2}=E[X​i​2​​]−2​X​¯​​E[X​i​​]+E[​X​¯​​​2​​]=E[X​i​2​​]−2​X​¯​​​2​​+​X​¯​​​2​​=E[X​i​2​​]−​m​2​​​​n​2​​​​

所以关键是要求出E[X_i^2]E[X​i​2​​]. 我们用随机变量Y_jY​j​​来表示第j个球是否在第i个盒子中，如果在则Y_j = 1Y​j​​=1，否则Y_j = 0Y​j​​=0. 于是

E[X_i^2] = E[(\sum_{j=1}^{n} Y_j)^2] = E[\sum_{j=1}^{n} Y_j^2] + 2E[\sum_{j=1}^{n} \sum_{k=1,k\neq j}^{n} Y_jY_k] = nE[Y_j^2] + n(n-1)E[Y_jY_k]E[X​i​2​​]=E[(∑​j=1​n​​Y​j​​)​2​​]=E[∑​j=1​n​​Y​j​2​​]+2E[∑​j=1​n​​∑​k=1,k≠j​n​​Y​j​​Y​k​​]=nE[Y​j​2​​]+n(n−1)E[Y​j​​Y​k​​]

=\frac{n}{m}+\frac{n(n-1)}{m^2}=​m​​n​​+​m​2​​​​n(n−1)​​

因此，

E[V] = \frac{n}{m} + \frac{n(n-1)}{m^2} - \frac{n^2}{m^2} = \frac{n(m-1)}{m^2}E[V]=​m​​n​​+​m​2​​​​n(n−1)​​−​m​2​​​​n​2​​​​=​m​2​​​​n(m−1)​​

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define LL long long
LL gcd(LL a, LL b){return a == 0 ? b : gcd(b%a, a);}

int main()
{
    LL n,m;
	while(scanf("%lld%lld",&n,&m)!=EOF&&(n+m))
	{
        if(m==1)
		{
			printf("0/1\n");
			continue;
		}
		else
		{
			LL gg = gcd(n*(m-1),m*m);
			printf("%lld/%lld\n",n*(m-1)/gg,m*m/gg);
		}
	}
}

Problem Description

Mr. Chopsticks is interested in random phenomena, and he conducts an experiment to study randomness. In the experiment, he throws n balls into m boxes in such a manner that each ball has equal probability of going to each boxes. After the experiment, he calculated the statistical variance V as

V=∑mi=1(Xi−X¯)2m

where  Xi  is the number of balls in the ith box, and  X¯  is the average number of balls in a box.
Your task is to find out the expected value of V.

 

Input

The input contains multiple test cases. Each case contains two integers n and m (1 <= n, m <= 1000 000 000) in a line.
The input is terminated by n = m = 0.

 

Output

For each case, output the result as A/B in a line, where A/B should be an irreducible fraction. Let B=1 if the result is an integer.

 

Sample Input

  
  

   
   2 1
2 2
0 0
  
  

 

Sample Output

  
  

   
   0/1
1/2


   
   

    
    

     
     Hint
    
    
In the second sample, there are four possible outcomes, two outcomes with V = 0 and two outcomes with V = 1.