Python raise from和raise的区别

def reduce(f,*args):
    if not (1 <= len(args) <= 2): # if undecodedable arguments
        if len(args) < 1:
            raise TypeError('reduce expected at least 2 arguments, got '+str(len(args)))
        else:
            raise TypeError('reduce expected at most 3 arguments, got '+str(len(args)))

    iterable = args[0]

    i = iter(iterable)            # create iterator
    try:                          # try (to handle empty iterator if no unit)
        a = args[1] if len(args) == 2 else next(i)
                                  # use unit or get first value
        while True:               # while (to process more values in iterator)
            try:                  #   try (to determine if more values)
                a = f(a,next(i))  #     get next/f combines with previous result
            except StopIteration: #   when no more values in iterator
                return a          #     return reduced/accumulated result
    except StopIteration:         # empty iterator (with no unit): raise exception
        raise TypeError('reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value') from None
    

Note that
  reduce(operator.add, [])     raises a TypeError Exception
    TypeError: reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value
  reduce(operator.add, [],  0) returns  0 (the unit)
  reduce(operator.add, [5])    returns  5
  reduce(operator.add, [5], 0) returns  5 (the unit, 0, + the first value)
  reduce(operator.add, [5], 5) returns 10 (the unit, 5, + the first value)

Note the "from None" in the last line. If we raise an exception while handling
an exception in Python, both exceptions appear in the trace. But the TypeError
exception is what we want to communicate (the StopIteration exception was just
how we know there is a problem) so by including "from None" it instructs Python
to remove the StopIteration exception from the trace.