TypeScript

TypeScript 基本语法

TypeScript 是微软开发的 JavaScript 的超集，TypeScript兼容JavaScript，可以载入JavaScript代码然后运行。TypeScript与JavaScript相比进步的地方 包括：加入注释，让编译器理解所支持的对象和函数，编译器会移除注释，不会增加开销；增加一个完整的类结构，使之更新是传统的面向对象语言。

TypeScript 微软官方网站 http://www.typescriptlang.org/TypeScript 源码 http://typescript.codeplex.com

基本数据类型

Boolean

//Boolean
var isDone:boolean = false;

Number

//Number
var width:number = 100;

String

//String
var name:string = "hello";

Array

//Array
var list:number[] = [1, 2, 3];
var list:Array<number>=[1, 2, 3];

Enum

//Enum
enum  Color {Red, Green, Blue}
var c: Color = Color.Red;
alert(c)//默认值从0开始，alert(0);
//可以手动指定值
enum Color1 {Red = 1, Green, Blue}
var c1: Color1 = Color1.Green;
alert(c1);//alert(2)
//根据值查找名称
enum Color2 {Red = 1, Green=2, Blue=4}
var c2: string = Color2[4];
alert(c2);//alert(Blue)

Any

//不确定类型，退出编译检查
var notSure: any = 4;
notSure = "maybe a string instead";
notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean//
不确定数组元素类型var anylist:any[] = [1, true, "free"];
anylist[1] = 100;

Void

//空白
function warnUser(): void {
 alert(123);
}

类

基本语法

class Animal {
     animalName:string;
     constructor(name:string) { 
        this.animalName = name;
    } 
     sayHello() {
         alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
       }
}
var tom = new Animal("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom:Hello)

继承

class Animal { 
       animalName:string;
        constructor(name:string) {
                this.animalName = name;
  } 
  sayHello() {
     alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
       }
    }
class Cat extends Animal {
   //重写sayHello方法 
        sayHello() { 
              alert(this.animalName + "(Cat)：" + "Hello"); 
           }
}
class Mouse extends Animal { 
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + "(Mouse)：" + "Hello");
      }
}
var tom:Animal = new Cat("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom(Cat):Hello)
var jerry:Animal = new Mouse("Jerry");
jerry.sayHello();//alert(Jerry(Mouse):Hello)

修饰符

当我们把animalName 改为private

class Animal { 
     private animalName:string;//默认是public 
           constructor(name:string) {
           this.animalName = name;
             } //...
    }
class Cat extends Animal {
 //重写sayHello方法 
 sayHello() {
  alert(this.animalName + "(Cat)：" + "Hello");
//Error 编译不通过 
}}

get，set 访问器

class Animal {
  private _animalName:string;
  //默认是 public
  get animalName():string {
        return this._animalName; 
  }
  set animalName(name:string):string { 
        this._animalName = name;
  } //...
}

静态属性

//静态属性
class Table {
         static width = 100; 
         static height = 200;
}
var width = Table.width;
alert(width);//alert(100)

接口

基本语法

interface ICar { color:string;}
class Bus implements ICar {
  color:string;
   constructor() { 
     this.color = "Blue"; }
  }
var bus = new Bus();
alert(bus.color);

继承接口

//继承接口
interface Shape { color: string;}
interface PenStroke { penWidth: number;}
interface Square extends Shape, PenStroke { sideLength: number;}

可选属性

interface ICar { color:string; safetyDevice?:any;//实现类无需实现}
function MoveCar(car:ICar){
            if(car.safetyDevice) {
               alert("The car is safe");
             } 
          else { 
             alert("The car is not safe");
           }
}

模块（Modules）

作用：1.防止命名空间冲突；2.将一个功能模块很容易的划分到不同文件中，更容易维护；

基本语法

module MyDemo { 
       export interface IDemo { } 
       export class Demo implements IDemo { }
}

别名

module Shapes {
         export module Polygons {
             export class Triangle { }
             export class Square { }
            }
}
import polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
var sq = new polygons.Square();
 // 类似于 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'

函数（Function）

基本语法

function add(x:number, y:number):number {
      return x + y;
}
// orvar
 myAdd = function (x:number, y:number):number {
 return x + y;
};

完整的函数类型

var myAdd:(x:number, y:number)=>number = function (x:number, y:number):number { return x + y; };

为了增强可读性，给参数x、y具有实际的意义，可以这样写

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number = function (x:number, y:number):number { return x + y; };

第二部分number 是一个返回类型，如果无需返回类型，请使用 'void'第三部分的function 参数类型，根据上下文类型进行推断，可以省略

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number = function (x, y) { return x + y; };

可选参数

//可选参数
function buildName(firstName:string, lastName?:string) {
               if (lastName) return firstName + " " + lastName;
               else return firstName;
 }
var result1 = buildName("Bob");

默认参数

//默认参数
function buildNameDefaultValue(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
                  return firstName + " " + lastName;
             }
var result1 = buildNameDefaultValue("Bob");

可变参数

例如在C#中，方法参数定义使用param int[],调用方法时，就可以传递多个int类型的参数在TypeScript中

function buildNameRest(firstName:string, ...restOfName:string[]) { 
            return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
 }
var employeeName = buildNameRest("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie")

Lambads 和this关键字

var people={ 
       name:["张三","李四","王五","赵六"],
       getName:function(){
        return function(){
               var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*4);
              return { n:this.name[i] }
        }
    }
}
var pname=people.getName();
alert("名字："+pname().n);

调用发现getName中的this关键字指向的是getName,访问不到外部的name属性所以我们修改为：

var people = { 
        name: ["张三", "李四", "王五", "赵六"],
        getName: function () {
              return ()=> { 
                   var i = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4);
                  return { n: this.name[i] }
                 }
 }
}
var pname = people.getName();
alert("名字：" + pname().n);

重载

//重载
function student(name:string):string;
function student(age:number):number;
function student(numberorage:any):any { 
          if (numberorage && typeof (numberorage) == "string")  alert("姓名");
          else alert("年龄");
}
student("Tom");//alert("姓名")student(15);//alert("年龄")

泛型

基本语法

function identity<T>(arg: T): T { return arg;}
//数组泛型
function identity<T>(arg: T[]): T[] { console.log(arg.length);}

泛型类型（通用的函数类型）

function identity<T>(arg:T):T { return arg;}
var myIdentity:<T>(arg:T)=>T = identity;
//T也可使用其他字母表示//也可以这么写//
var myIdentity:{<T>(arg:T): T} = identity;

接口泛型

interface GenericIdentityFn { <T>(arg:T): T;}
function identity<T>(arg:T):T { return arg;}
var myIdentity:GenericIdentityFn = identity;

泛型类

class GenericNumber<T> { zeroValue:T; add:(x:T, y:T) => T;}
var myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = function (x, y) { return x + y;};

泛型约束

interface Lengthwise { length: number;}
function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg:T):T { 
           console.log(arg.length);
            return arg;
}
loggingIdentity(3);//errorloggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3}); //只要类型包含length属性即可

泛型类约束

class Findable<T>{ //...}function find<T>(n: T, s: Findable<T>) { // ...}

合并

合并接口

interface Box {
 height: number; 
width: number;
}
interface Box { 
scale: number;
}
var box: Box = {
  height: 5,
 width: 6, 
scale: 10
};

合并模块

module Animals { 
 export class Zebra { }
}
module Animals { 
   export interface Legged { 
          numberOfLegs: number;
  }
  export class Dog { }
}
//相当于
module Animals { 
   export interface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
   export class Zebra { }
   export class Dog { }
}

合并模块和类

class Album {
      label : Album.AlbumLabel;
}
module Album {
 export class AlbumLabel { }
}

合并模块和函数

function buildLabel(name:string):string { 
     return buildLabel.prefix + name + buildLabel.suffix;
 }
module buildLabel {
 export var suffix = ""; export var prefix = "Hello, ";
}
alert(buildLabel("Sam Smith"));

合并模块与枚举

enum Color { red = 1, green = 2, blue = 4}
module Color { 
       export function mixColor(colorName:string) {
             if (colorName == "yellow") { 
                 return Color.red + Color.green;
                }
            else if (colorName == "white") { 
           return Color.red + Color.green + Color.blue;
               }
            else if (colorName == "magenta") {
           return Color.red + Color.blue;
              }
            else if (colorName == "cyan") { 
          return Color.green + Color.blue; 
           }
     }
}