本文转自:https://blog.csdn.net/zero__007/article/details/52254308
转载自:http://www.blogjava.net/jiangshachina/archive/2012/02/13/369898.html
1.什么是Java对象序列化
使用Java对象序列化,在保存对象时,会把其状态保存为一组字节,在未来,再将这些字节组装成对象。必须注意地是,对象序列化保存的是对象的"状态",即它的成员变量。由此可知,对象序列化不会关注类中的静态变量。除了在持久化对象时会用到对象序列化之外,当使用RMI(远程方法调用),或在网络中传递对象时,都会用到对象序列化。Java序列化API为处理对象序列化提供了一个标准机制。
2.简单示例
在Java中,只要一个类实现了java.io.Serializable接口,那么它就可以被序列化。此处将创建一个可序列化的类Person,本文中的所有示例将围绕着该类或其修改版。Gender类,是一个枚举类型,表示性别:
- public enum Gender {
- MALE, FEMALE
- }
Person类,实现了Serializable接口:
- public class Person implements Serializable {
- private String name = null;
- private Integer age = null;
- private Gender gender = null;
- public Person() {
- System.out.println("none-arg constructor");
- }
- public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) {
- System.out.println("arg constructor");
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.gender = gender;
- }
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
- public Integer getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- public void setAge(Integer age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- public Gender getGender() {
- return gender;
- }
- public void setGender(Gender gender) {
- this.gender = gender;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "[" + name + ", " + age + ", " + gender + "]";
- }
- }
- public class SimpleSerial {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- File file = new File("person.out");
- ObjectOutputStream oout = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));
- Person person = new Person("John", 101, Gender.MALE);
- oout.writeObject(person);
- oout.close();
- ObjectInputStream oin = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
- Object newPerson = oin.readObject(); // 没有强制转换到Person类型
- oin.close();
- System.out.println(newPerson);
- }
- }
- arg constructor
- [John, 31, MALE]
当Person对象被保存到person.out文件中之后,我们可以在其它地方去读取该文件以还原对象,但必须确保该读取程序的CLASSPATH中包含有Person.class,否则会抛出ClassNotFoundException。
3.Serializable的作用
为什么一个类实现了Serializable接口,它就可以被序列化呢?在上面的示例中,使用ObjectOutputStream来持久化对象,在该类中有如下代码:- private void writeObject0(Object obj, boolean unshared) throws IOException {
- ...
- if (obj instanceof String) {
- writeString((String) obj, unshared);
- } else if (cl.isArray()) {
- writeArray(obj, desc, unshared);
- } else if (obj instanceof Enum) {
- writeEnum((Enum) obj, desc, unshared);
- } else if (obj instanceof Serializable) {
- writeOrdinaryObject(obj, desc, unshared);
- } else {
- if (extendedDebugInfo) {
- throw new NotSerializableException(cl.getName() + "\n"
- + debugInfoStack.toString());
- } else {
- throw new NotSerializableException(cl.getName());
- }
- }
- ...
- }
4.序列化机制
如果仅仅只是让某个类实现Serializable接口,而没有其它任何处理的话,则就是使用默认序列化机制。使用默认机制,在序列化对象时,不仅会序列化当前对象本身,还会对该对象引用的其它对象也进行序列化,同样地,这些其它对象引用的另外对象也将被序列化。在现实应用中,有些时候不能使用默认序列化机制。比如,希望在序列化过程中忽略掉敏感数据,或者简化序列化过程。为此需要为某个字段声明为transient,那么序列化机制就会忽略被transient修饰的字段。
5.transient关键字
将Person类中的age字段声明为transient,如下所示,- public class Person implements Serializable {
- ...
- transient private Integer age = null;
- ...
- }
- arg constructor
- [John, null, MALE]
6.writeObject()与readObject()
对于上被声明为transitive的字段age,除了将transitive关键字去掉之外,是否还有其它方法能使它再次可被序列化?方法之一就是在Person类中添加两个方法:writeObject()与readObject(),如下所示:- public class Person implements Serializable {
- ...
- transient private Integer age = null;
- ...
- private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
- out.defaultWriteObject();
- out.writeInt(age);
- }
- private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
- in.defaultReadObject();
- age = in.readInt();
- }
- }
再次执行SimpleSerial应用程序,则又会有如下输出:
- arg constructor
- [John, 31, MALE]
7.Externalizable接口
无论是使用transient关键字,还是使用writeObject()和readObject()方法,其实都是基于Serializable接口的序列化。JDK中提供了另一个序列化接口Externalizable,使用该接口之后,之前基于Serializable接口的序列化机制就将失效。此时将Person类修改成如下,- public class Person implements Externalizable {
- private String name = null;
- transient private Integer age = null;
- private Gender gender = null;
- public Person() {
- System.out.println("none-arg constructor");
- }
- public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) {
- System.out.println("arg constructor");
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.gender = gender;
- }
- private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
- out.defaultWriteObject();
- out.writeInt(age);
- }
- private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
- in.defaultReadObject();
- age = in.readInt();
- }
- @Override
- public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
- }
- @Override
- public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
- }
- }
- arg constructor
- none-arg constructor
- [null, null, null]
Externalizable继承于Serializable,当使用该接口时,序列化的细节需要由程序员去完成。如上所示的代码,由于writeExternal()与readExternal()方法未作任何处理,那么该序列化行为将不会保存/读取任何一个字段。这也就是为什么输出结果中所有字段的值均为空。
另外,若使用Externalizable进行序列化,当读取对象时,会调用被序列化类的无参构造器去创建一个新的对象,然后再将被保存对象的字段的值分别填充到新对象中。这就是为什么在此序列化过程中Person类的无参构造器会被调用。由于这个原因,实现Externalizable接口的类必须要提供一个无参的构造器,且它的访问权限为public。
对上述Person类作进一步的修改,使其能够对name与age字段进行序列化,但要忽略掉gender字段,如下代码所示:
- public class Person implements Externalizable {
- private String name = null;
- transient private Integer age = null;
- private Gender gender = null;
- public Person() {
- System.out.println("none-arg constructor");
- }
- public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) {
- System.out.println("arg constructor");
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.gender = gender;
- }
- private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
- out.defaultWriteObject();
- out.writeInt(age);
- }
- private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
- in.defaultReadObject();
- age = in.readInt();
- }
- @Override
- public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
- out.writeObject(name);
- out.writeInt(age);
- }
- @Override
- public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
- name = (String) in.readObject();
- age = in.readInt();
- }
- }
- arg constructor
- none-arg constructor
- [John, 31, null]
8.readResolve()
当使用Singleton模式时,应该是期望某个类的实例应该是唯一的,但如果该类是可序列化的,那么情况可能会略有不同。为了能在序列化过程仍能保持单例的特性,可以在单例类中添加一个readResolve()方法,在该方法中直接返回单例对象,如下所示:
- private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException {
- return InstanceHolder.instatnce;
- }