Docker 入门
Docker安装
Docker的基本组成
镜像(image):
docker镜像就好比是一个目标,可以通过这个目标来创建容器服务,tomcat镜像==>run==>容器(提供服务器),通过这个镜像可以创建多个容器(最终服务运行或者项目运行就是在容器中的)。
容器(container):
Docker利用容器技术,独立运行一个或者一组应用,通过镜像来创建的.
启动,停止,删除,基本命令
目前就可以把这个容器理解为就是一个简易的 Linux系统。
仓库(repository):
仓库就是存放镜像的地方!
仓库分为公有仓库和私有仓库。(很类似git)
Docker Hub是国外的。
阿里云…都有容器服务器(配置镜像加速!)
安装Docker
环境准备
- Linux要求内核3.0以上
- CentOS 7
[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64 # 要求3.0以上
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/os-release
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"
安装
#1.卸载旧版本
yum remove docker \
docker-client \
docker-client-latest \
docker-common \
docker-latest \
docker-latest-logrotate \
docker-logrotate \
docker-engine
#2.需要的安装包
yum install -y yum-utils
#3.设置镜像的仓库
yum-config-manager \
--add-repo \
https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
#上述方法默认是从国外的,不推荐
#推荐使用国内的
yum-config-manager \
--add-repo \
https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
#更新yum软件包索引
yum makecache fast
#4.安装docker相关的 docker-ce 社区版 而ee是企业版
yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io # 这里我们使用社区版即可
#5.启动docker
systemctl start docker
#6. 使用docker version查看是否按照成功
docker version
#7. 测试
docker run hello-world
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest d1165f221234 7 weeks ago 13.3kB
卸载docker
#1. 卸载依赖
yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
#2. 删除资源
rm -rf /var/lib/docker
# /var/lib/docker 是docker的默认工作路径!
阿里云镜像加速
登录阿里云找到容器服务
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找到镜像加速器
阿里云地址 https://cr.console.aliyun.com/cn-qingdao/instances/mirrors
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配置使用
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://escinz6i.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
HelloWorld流程
[root@localhost ~]# docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
b8dfde127a29: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:f2266cbfc127c960fd30e76b7c792dc23b588c0db76233517e1891a4e357d519
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
WARNING: IPv4 forwarding is disabled. Networking will not work.
Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
(amd64)
3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
to your terminal.
To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
$ docker run -it ubuntu bash
Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
https://hub.docker.com/
For more examples and ideas, visit:
https://docs.docker.com/get-started
docker run 流程图
底层原理
Docker是怎么工作的?
Docker是一个Client-Server结构的系统,Docker的守护进程运行在主机上。通过Socket从客户端访问!
Docker-Server接收到Docker-Client的指令,就会执行这个命令!
为什么Docker比Vm快
1、docker有着比虚拟机更少的抽象层。由于docker不需要Hypervisor实现硬件资源虚拟化,运行在docker容器上的程序直接使用的都是实际物理机的硬件资源。因此在CPU、内存利用率上docker将会在效率上有明显优势。
2、docker利用的是宿主机的内核,而不需要Guest OS。
GuestOS: VM(虚拟机)里的的系统(OS)
HostOS:物理机里的系统(OS)
Docker的常用命令
帮助命令
docker version #显示docker的版本信息。
docker info #显示docker的系统信息,包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help #帮助命令
帮助文档的地址:https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/
镜像命令
docker images #查看所有本地主机上的镜像 可以使用docker image ls代替
docker search #搜索镜像
docker pull #下载镜像 docker image pull
docker rmi #删除镜像 docker image rm
docker images查看所有本地的主机上的镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest d1165f221234 7 weeks ago 13.3kB
[root@localhost ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest d1165f221234 7 weeks ago 13.3kB
[root@localhost ~]# docker images -aq
d1165f221234
[root@localhost ~]#
docker search 搜索镜像
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docker pull 下载镜像
# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull tomcat:8
8: Pulling from library/tomcat
bd8f6a7501cc: Pull complete
44718e6d535d: Pull complete
efe9738af0cb: Pull complete
f37aabde37b8: Pull complete
b87fc504233c: Pull complete
cc62143cb8cc: Pull complete
646a47c88e43: Pull complete
d65bec3def24: Pull complete
412254a7aeaf: Pull complete
4e00d9861f01: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:2a39537f6c3c53373fdd047b5b7893f29366926bbe6d4b0740ec58841755febf
Status: Downloaded newer image for tomcat:8
docker.io/library/tomcat:8
#等价于
docker pull tomcat:8
docker pull docker.io/library/tomcat:8
docker rmi 删除镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
tomcat 8 14dce9c68dd9 2 days ago 533MB
hello-world latest d1165f221234 7 weeks ago 13.3kB
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi d1165f221234
Untagged: hello-world:latest
Untagged: hello-world@sha256:f2266cbfc127c960fd30e76b7c792dc23b588c0db76233517e1891a4e357d519
Deleted: sha256:d1165f2212346b2bab48cb01c1e39ee8ad1be46b87873d9ca7a4e434980a7726
Deleted: sha256:f22b99068db93900abe17f7f5e09ec775c2826ecfe9db961fea68293744144bd
容器命令
说明:我们有了镜像才可以创建容器,Linux,下载centos镜像来学习
镜像下载
#docker中下载centos
docker pull centos
docker run 镜像id #新建容器并启动
docker ps 列出所有运行的容器 docker container list
docker rm 容器id #删除指定容器
docker start 容器id #启动容器
docker restart 容器id #重启容器
docker stop 容器id #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id #强制停止当前容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
新建容器并启动
docker run [可选参数] image | docker container run [可选参数] image
#参书说明
--name="Name" #容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02 用来区分容器
-d #后台方式运行
-it #使用交互方式运行,进入容器查看内容
-p #指定容器的端口 -p 8080(宿主机):8080(容器)
-p ip:主机端口:容器端口
-p 主机端口:容器端口(常用)
-p 容器端口
容器端口
-P(大写) 随机指定端口
# 测试、启动并进入容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@acf3292f9b24 /]# ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
[root@acf3292f9b24 /]# exit
exit
列出所有运行的容器
docker ps 命令 #列出当前正在运行的容器
-a, --all #列出当前正在运行的容器 + 带出历史运行过的容器
-n=?, --last int #列出最近创建的?个容器 ?为1则只列出最近创建的一个容器,为2则列出2个
-q, --quiet #只列出容器的编号
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
[root@localhost ~]#
退出容器
exit #容器直接退出
ctrl +P +Q #容器不停止退出 ---注意:这个很有用的操作
删除容器
docker rm 容器id #删除指定的容器,不能删除正在运行的容器,如果要强制删除 rm -rf
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) #删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm #删除所有的容器
启动和停止容器的操作
docker start 容器id #启动容器
docker restart 容器id #重启容器
docker stop 容器id #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id #强制停止当前容器
常用其他命令
后台启动命令
# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop 7f48927f52e7
7f48927f52e7
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d centos
7f8ac83d42d149a5af0c5542d7dc9a0e918ca66d047fdceed7d8eac05a367264
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
# 问题docker ps. 发现centos 停止了
# 常见的坑,docker容器使用后台运行,就必须要有要一个前台进程,docker发现没有应用,就会自动停止
# nginx,容器启动后,发现自己没有提供服务,就会立刻停止,就是没有程序了
查看日志
docker logs --help
Options:
--details Show extra details provided to logs
* -f, --follow Follow log output
--since string Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
* --tail string Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
* -t, --timestamps Show timestamps
--until string Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
➜ ~ docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo 6666;sleep 1;done" #模拟日志
#显示日志
-tf #显示日志信息(一直更新)
--tail number #需要显示日志条数
docker logs -t --tail n 容器id #查看n行日志
docker logs -ft 容器id #跟着日志
查看容器中进程信息ps
# 命令 docker top 容器id
[root@localhost ~]# docker top 7f48927f52e7
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 19022 19002 0 21:00 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/bash
查看镜像的元数据
[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect 7f48927f52e7
[
{
"Id": "7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514",
"Created": "2021-04-25T12:54:03.664734932Z",
"Path": "/bin/bash",
"Args": [],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 19022,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-04-25T13:00:29.713595272Z",
"FinishedAt": "2021-04-25T12:58:50.854498823Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514/7f48927f52e767154b5ab83d9b8ab00ef83e9c8d1e4fe63e8024ab8f79ab6514-json.log",
"Name": "/ecstatic_ptolemy",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/15a1a41ced3c705baff80b6d1eab2588d62c863223a8324ec2eb5797d517a5a3-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/6b7ae26e0b5a0920b2645e57e783816a3d8a877cdea1b74b0b32ce864db5a88c/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/15a1a41ced3c705baff80b6d1eab2588d62c863223a8324ec2eb5797d517a5a3/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/15a1a41ced3c705baff80b6d1eab2588d62c863223a8324ec2eb5797d517a5a3/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/15a1a41ced3c705baff80b6d1eab2588d62c863223a8324ec2eb5797d517a5a3/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "7f48927f52e7",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": true,
"AttachStdout": true,
"AttachStderr": true,
"Tty": true,
"OpenStdin": true,
"StdinOnce": true,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/bash"
],
"Image": "centos",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
"org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
"org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
"org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "58769bb4671f0aa7fdc2b8fdf4de871d8bb51d4268dbb490c330191f4ba6d884",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/58769bb4671f",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "128fe499aa46134aa17545d70b0e5d805302da184c7c8435b8c56685e191f04c",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "c577bf317d82d498aaba8951e0a31c7409de0816295664064a14765b0587969a",
"EndpointID": "128fe499aa46134aa17545d70b0e5d805302da184c7c8435b8c56685e191f04c",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
进入当前正在运行的容器
我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的,需要进入容器,修改一些配置
命令 docker exec -it 容器id bashshell
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 10 minutes ago Up 3 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 7f48927f52e7 /bin/bash
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]#
# 方式二
docker attach 容器id
#测试
docker attach 55321bcae33d
正在执行当前的代码...
区别
#docker exec #进入当前容器后开启一个新的终端,可以在里面操作。(常用)
#docker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端
从容器内拷贝到主机上
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 7f48927f52e7 /bin/bash
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]# ls
bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]# echo "hello" > java.java
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]# cat java.java
hello
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]# hello
bash: hello: command not found
[root@7f48927f52e7 /]# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker cp 7f48927f52e7:/java.java /home/
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/
[root@localhost home]# ll
总用量 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 4月 25 21:06 java.java
drwx------. 2 sunfeng sunfeng 62 3月 18 21:52 sunfeng
[root@localhost home]# cat java.java
hello
[root@localhost home]#
小结:
命令大全
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
#当前shell下 attach连接指定运行的镜像
build Build an image from a Dockerfile # 通过Dockerfile定制镜像
commit Create a new image from a container's changes #提交当前容器为新的镜像
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem #拷贝文件
create Create a new container #创建一个新的容器
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem #查看docker容器的变化
events Get real time events from the server # 从服务获取容器实时时间
exec Run a command in a running container # 在运行中的容器上运行命令
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive #导出容器文件系统作为一个tar归档文件[对应import]
history Show the history of an image # 展示一个镜像形成历史
images List images #列出系统当前的镜像
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image #从tar包中导入内容创建一个文件系统镜像
info Display system-wide information # 显示全系统信息
inspect Return low-level information on Docker objects #查看容器详细信息
kill Kill one or more running containers # kill指定docker容器
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN #从一个tar包或标准输入中加载一个镜像[对应save]
login Log in to a Docker registry #
logout Log out from a Docker registry
logs Fetch the logs of a container
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
ps List containers
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers
rm Remove one or more containers
rmi Remove one or more images
run Run a command in a new container
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
search Search the Docker Hub for images
start Start one or more stopped containers
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
stop Stop one or more running containers
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
top Display the running processes of a container
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
version Show the Docker version information
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
作业练习
作业一:Docker 安装Nginx
#1. 搜索镜像 search 建议大家去docker搜索,可以看到帮助文档
[root@localhost ~]# docker search nginx
#2. 拉取下载镜像 pull
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull nginx
# 查看是否下载成功镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
#3. 运行测试
# -d 后台运行
# --name 给容器命名
# -p 宿主机端口:容器内部端口
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d --name nginx01 -p 3344:80 nginx
4e2c21b59018c24a8537bf34da71570d7132ebe14f74401745c4837191d17ec1
#4. 查看正在启动的镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
4e2c21b59018 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 13 seconds ago Up 12 seconds 0.0.0.0:3344->80/tcp, :::3344->80/tcp nginx01
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 31 minutes ago Up 24 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
#5. 进入容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 4e2c21b59018 /bin/bash #进入
root@4e2c21b59018:/#
root@4e2c21b59018:/# whereis nginx # 查找nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/lib/nginx /etc/nginx /usr/share/nginx
root@4e2c21b59018:/# cd /etc/nginx
root@4e2c21b59018:/etc/nginx# ls
conf.d fastcgi_params koi-utf koi-win mime.types modules nginx.conf scgi_params uwsgi_params win-utf
#6. 退出容器
root@4e2c21b59018:/etc/nginx# exit # 退出容器
exit
#7. 查看并停止容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
4e2c21b59018 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 3 minutes ago Up 3 minutes 0.0.0.0:3344->80/tcp, :::3344->80/tcp nginx01
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 34 minutes ago Up 28 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop 4e2c21b59018
4e2c21b59018
宿主机端口 和 容器内部端口 以及端口暴露:
**问题:**我们每次改动nginx配置文件,都需要进入容器内部?十分麻烦,我要是可以在容器外部提供一个映射路径,达到在容器外部修改文件名,容器内部就可以自动修改?-v 数据卷 技术!
作业二:用docker 来装一个tomcat
#1. 搜索镜像 search 建议大家去docker搜索,可以看到帮助文档
[root@localhost ~]# docker search tomcat
#2. #下载 最新版
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull tomcat
# 查看是否下载成功镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
#3. 运行测试
#以后台方式,暴露端口方式,启动运行
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d -p 8080:8080 --name tomcat01 tomcat
865f173e0d616f5b3146b5fffc09a74c379013cae3e630eeb2f2dd73da95dc91
# 测试 没有问题
[root@localhost ~]# curl localhost:8080
#4. 查看正在启动的镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
865f173e0d61 tomcat "catalina.sh run" About a minute ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp, :::8080->8080/tcp tomcat01
7f48927f52e7 centos "/bin/bash" 40 minutes ago Up 34 minutes ecstatic_ptolemy
#根据容器id进入tomcat容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 865f173e0d61 /bin/bash
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat#
#查看tomcat容器内部内容:
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# ls -l
total 128
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18984 Mar 30 10:29 BUILDING.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5587 Mar 30 10:29 CONTRIBUTING.md
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 57092 Mar 30 10:29 LICENSE
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2333 Mar 30 10:29 NOTICE
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3257 Mar 30 10:29 README.md
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6898 Mar 30 10:29 RELEASE-NOTES
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16507 Mar 30 10:29 RUNNING.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 22 23:10 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22 Apr 25 13:33 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 22 23:09 lib
drwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 177 Apr 25 13:33 logs
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 134 Apr 22 23:10 native-jni-lib
drwxrwxrwx. 2 root root 30 Apr 22 23:09 temp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 22 23:09 webapps
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 81 Mar 30 10:29 webapps.dist
drwxrwxrwx. 2 root root 6 Mar 30 10:29 work
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cd webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps# ls
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps#
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cd webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps# ls
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps#
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cd webapps.dist/
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps.dist# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 223 Apr 22 23:09 ROOT
drwxr-xr-x. 15 root root 4096 Apr 22 23:09 docs
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 99 Apr 22 23:09 examples
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 79 Apr 22 23:09 host-manager
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 114 Apr 22 23:09 manager
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cp -r webapps.dist/* webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cd webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 223 Apr 25 13:38 ROOT
drwxr-xr-x. 15 root root 4096 Apr 25 13:38 docs
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 99 Apr 25 13:38 examples
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 79 Apr 25 13:38 host-manager
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 114 Apr 25 13:38 manager
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-IyaJb9N9-1619504010673)(images/image-20210425214043633.png)]
问题:我们以后要部署项目,如果每次都要进入容器是不是十分麻烦?要是可以在容器外部提供一个映射路径,比如webapps,我们在外部放置项目,就自动同步内部就好了!
作业三:部署elasticsearch+kibana
# es 暴露的端口很多!
# es 十分耗内存
# es 的数据一般需要放置到安全目录!挂载
# --net somenetwork ? 网络配置
# 启动elasticsearch
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d --name elasticsearch -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 -e "discovery.type=single-node" elasticsearch:7.6.2
# 测试一下es是否成功启动
➜ ~ curl localhost:9200
[root@localhost ~]# curl localhost:9200
{
"name" : "2a39ce28551a",
"cluster_name" : "docker-cluster",
"cluster_uuid" : "G1aDYB04SD6hQQ0iebxgJQ",
"version" : {
"number" : "7.6.2",
"build_flavor" : "default",
"build_type" : "docker",
"build_hash" : "ef48eb35cf30adf4db14086e8aabd07ef6fb113f",
"build_date" : "2020-03-26T06:34:37.794943Z",
"build_snapshot" : false,
"lucene_version" : "8.4.0",
"minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
"minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
},
"tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}
#查看各个容器所占资源
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS
2a39ce28551a elasticsearch 0.25% 1.239GiB / 3.682GiB 33.64% 1.18kB / 942B 2.44GB / 132MB 42
865f173e0d61 tomcat01 0.26% 110.6MiB / 3.682GiB 2.93% 7.41kB / 146kB 1.11GB / 14.6MB 29
7f48927f52e7 ecstatic_ptolemy 0.00% 520KiB / 3.682GiB 0.01% 988B / 0B 2.33MB / 0B 1
#测试成功就关掉elasticSearch,防止耗内存
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop 2a39ce28551a
2a39ce28551a
镜像原理之联合文件系统
镜像是什么
镜像是一种轻量级、可执行的独立软件保,用来打包软件运行环境和基于运行环境开发的软件,他包含运行某个软件所需的所有内容,包括代码、运行时库、环境变量和配置文件。
所有应用,直接打包docker镜像,就可以直接跑起来!
如何得到镜像
- 从远程仓库下载
- 别人拷贝给你
- 自己制作一个镜像 DockerFile
Docker镜像加载原理
UnionFs (联合文件系统)
UnionFs(联合文件系统):Union文件系统(UnionFs)是一种分层、轻量级并且高性能的文件系统,他支持对文件系统的修改作为一次提交来一层层的叠加,同时可以将不同目录挂载到同一个虚拟文件系统下( unite several directories into a single virtual filesystem)。Union文件系统是 Docker镜像的基础。镜像可以通过分层来进行继承,基于基础镜像(没有父镜像),可以制作各种具体的应用镜像
特性:一次同时加载多个文件系统,但从外面看起来,只能看到一个文件系统,联合加载会把各层文件系统叠加起来,这样最终的文件系统会包含所有底层的文件和目录。
Docker镜像加载原理
docker的镜像实际上由一层一层的文件系统组成,这种层级的文件系统UnionFS。
boots(boot file system)主要包含 bootloader和 Kernel, bootloader主要是引导加 kernel, Linux刚启动时会加bootfs文件系统,在 Docker镜像的最底层是 boots。这一层与我们典型的Linux/Unix系统是一样的,包含boot加載器和内核。当boot加载完成之后整个内核就都在内存中了,此时内存的使用权已由 bootfs转交给内核,此时系统也会卸载bootfs。
rootfs(root file system),在 bootfs之上。包含的就是典型 Linux系统中的/dev,/proc,/bin,/etc等标准目录和文件。 rootfs就是各种不同的操作系统发行版,比如 Ubuntu, Centos等等。
平时我们安装进虚拟机的CentOS都是好几个G,为什么Docker这里才200M
对于个精简的OS,rootfs可以很小,只需要包合最基本的命令,工具和程序库就可以了,因为底层直接用Host的kernel,自己只需要提供rootfs就可以了。由此可见对于不同的Linux发行版, boots基本是一致的, rootfs会有差別,因此不同的发行版可以公用bootfs.
虚拟机是分钟级别,容器是秒级!
分层理解
分层的镜像
我们可以去下载一个镜像,注意观察下载的日志输出,可以看到是一层层的在下载
思考:为什么Docker镜像要采用这种分层的结构呢?
最大的好处,我觉得莫过于资源共享了!比如有多个镜像都从相同的Base镜像构建而来,那么宿主机只需在磁盘上保留一份base镜像,同时内存中也只需要加载一份base镜像,这样就可以为所有的容器服务了,而且镜像的每一层都可以被共享。
查看镜像分层的方式可以通过docker image inspect 命令
[root@localhost ~]# docker image inspect redis
[
{
"Id": "sha256:739b59b96069d2edfa60f66b5efb4960e7129053ccbb2ac5fd1c9351e7731918",
"RepoTags": [
"redis:latest"
],
"RepoDigests": [
"redis@sha256:e10f55f92478715698a2cef97c2bbdc48df2a05081edd884938903aa60df6396"
],
"Parent": "",
"Comment": "",
"Created": "2021-04-20T23:46:01.04261128Z",
"Container": "88b3715d12efac631774aebef922d5cb0abb62ca233e4c626ebd26c81e5a4408",
"ContainerConfig": {
"Hostname": "88b3715d12ef",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"ExposedPorts": {
"6379/tcp": {}
},
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"GOSU_VERSION=1.12",
"REDIS_VERSION=6.2.2",
"REDIS_DOWNLOAD_URL=http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-6.2.2.tar.gz",
"REDIS_DOWNLOAD_SHA=7a260bb74860f1b88c3d5942bf8ba60ca59f121c6dce42d3017bed6add0b9535"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"#(nop) ",
"CMD [\"redis-server\"]"
],
"Image": "sha256:ae6907a3adb277fada24702893484644ffc8de5cdedae7a9baa7d9fb5350b5d4",
"Volumes": {
"/data": {}
},
"WorkingDir": "/data",
"Entrypoint": [
"docker-entrypoint.sh"
],
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {}
},
"DockerVersion": "19.03.12",
"Author": "",
"Config": {
"Hostname": "",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"ExposedPorts": {
"6379/tcp": {}
},
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"GOSU_VERSION=1.12",
"REDIS_VERSION=6.2.2",
"REDIS_DOWNLOAD_URL=http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-6.2.2.tar.gz",
"REDIS_DOWNLOAD_SHA=7a260bb74860f1b88c3d5942bf8ba60ca59f121c6dce42d3017bed6add0b9535"
],
"Cmd": [
"redis-server"
],
"Image": "sha256:ae6907a3adb277fada24702893484644ffc8de5cdedae7a9baa7d9fb5350b5d4",
"Volumes": {
"/data": {}
},
"WorkingDir": "/data",
"Entrypoint": [
"docker-entrypoint.sh"
],
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": null
},
"Architecture": "amd64",
"Os": "linux",
"Size": 105375876,
"VirtualSize": 105375876,
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/00051bcfba31d628166fd8f538a90dcd04dc54e6391a5326566e94d332717a63/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a14d90202a2a5e059c5d7c6dd6d7033d12d2ccf82ac84a672b3241157c9a53a8/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b5f8dd1cdffe888cc9844ea7b5d4f176bc9c403b9d1a467ffe02058a2829b59c/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0fdb8167b58cd51edc12318c631306544b5ba7177f98bb8a746fd8046b404285/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5683f1bc73364d36b4636b42baf8e1b7b1117b79bc61d0e8bb09f44ad1b80f01/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/08868a9b1709e4b90402413b2d309c66ef21d96c5bc1ac3e513e503abcdf4132/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/08868a9b1709e4b90402413b2d309c66ef21d96c5bc1ac3e513e503abcdf4132/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/08868a9b1709e4b90402413b2d309c66ef21d96c5bc1ac3e513e503abcdf4132/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"RootFS": {
"Type": "layers",
"Layers": [
"sha256:7e718b9c0c8c2e6420fe9c4d1d551088e314fe923dce4b2caf75891d82fb227d",
"sha256:89ce1a07a7e4574d724ea605b4877f8a73542cf6abd3c8cbbd2668d911fa5353",
"sha256:9eef6e3cc2937e452b2325b227ca28120a70481be25404ed9aad27fa81219fd0",
"sha256:6eeff2593e885a7801c56f15be93e3d9968a9d3afb03df7602a89357c2d28c4d",
"sha256:0302cabf4dde0b7c18a0cc372cd7e1038656815bd9300aeb64d7033faf77700a",
"sha256:35613d8e624ae292403c8e291353c3b654729c92963a7ae88be11684522a77db"
]
},
"Metadata": {
"LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
}
}
]
理解:
所有的 Docker镜像都起始于一个基础镜像层,当进行修改或培加新的内容时,就会在当前镜像层之上,创建新的镜像层。
举一个简单的例子,假如基于 Ubuntu Linux16.04创建一个新的镜像,这就是新镜像的第一层;如果在该镜像中添加 Python包,
就会在基础镜像层之上创建第二个镜像层;如果继续添加一个安全补丁,就会创健第三个镜像层该像当前已经包含3个镜像层,如下图所示(这只是一个用于演示的很简单的例子)。
在添加额外的镜像层的同时,镜像始终保持是当前所有镜像的组合,理解这一点.
在添加额外的镜像层的同时,镜像始终保持是当前所有镜像的组合,理解这一点非常重要。下图中举了一个简单的例子,每个镜像层包含3个文件,而镜像包含了来自两个镜像层的6个文件。
上图中的镜像层跟之前图中的略有区別,主要目的是便于展示文件
下图中展示了一个稍微复杂的三层镜像,在外部看来整个镜像只有6个文件,这是因为最上层中的文件7是文件5的一个更新版。
文种情況下,上层镜像层中的文件覆盖了底层镜像层中的文件。这样就使得文件的更新版本作为一个新镜像层添加到镜像当中
Docker通过存储引擎(新版本采用快照机制)的方式来实现镜像层堆栈,并保证多镜像层对外展示为统一的文件系统
Linux上可用的存储引撃有AUFS、 Overlay2、 Device Mapper、Btrfs以及ZFS。顾名思义,每种存储引擎都基于 Linux中对应的
件系统或者块设备技术,井且每种存储引擎都有其独有的性能特点。
Docker在 Windows上仅支持 windowsfilter 一种存储引擎,该引擎基于NTFS文件系统之上实现了分层和CoW [1]。
下图展示了与系统显示相同的三层镜像。所有镜像层堆并合井,对外提供统一的视图。
特点
Docker 镜像都是只读的,当容器启动时,一个新的可写层加载到镜像的顶部!
这一层就是我们通常说的容器层,容器之下的都叫镜像层!
commit镜像
docker commit 提交容器成为一个新的副本
# 命令和git原理类似
docker commit -m="描述信息" -a="作者" 容器id 目标镜像名:[版本TAG]
#制作一个复制好的webapps目录的tomcat
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 865f173e0d61 /bin/bash
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# ls -l
total 128
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18984 Mar 30 10:29 BUILDING.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5587 Mar 30 10:29 CONTRIBUTING.md
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 57092 Mar 30 10:29 LICENSE
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2333 Mar 30 10:29 NOTICE
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3257 Mar 30 10:29 README.md
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6898 Mar 30 10:29 RELEASE-NOTES
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16507 Mar 30 10:29 RUNNING.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 22 23:10 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22 Apr 25 13:33 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 22 23:09 lib
drwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 177 Apr 25 13:33 logs
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 134 Apr 22 23:10 native-jni-lib
drwxrwxrwx. 2 root root 30 Apr 22 23:09 temp
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 81 Apr 25 13:38 webapps
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 81 Mar 30 10:29 webapps.dist
drwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 Apr 25 13:38 work
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/# cp -r webapps.dist/* webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat# cd webapps
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 223 Apr 25 13:38 ROOT
drwxr-xr-x. 15 root root 4096 Apr 25 13:38 docs
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 99 Apr 25 13:38 examples
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 79 Apr 25 13:38 host-manager
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 114 Apr 25 13:38 manager
root@865f173e0d61:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker commit -a="sunfeng" -m="add webapps app" 865f173e0d61 tomcat02:1.0
sha256:dec86065783e67419a496525d0f551c6503b98dd8e5417d657094dcd6b059b91
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
tomcat02 1.0 dec86065783e 27 seconds ago 672MB
tomcat latest c0e850d7b9bb 2 days ago 667MB
redis latest 739b59b96069 4 days ago 105MB
nginx latest 62d49f9bab67 11 days ago 133MB
centos latest 300e315adb2f 4 months ago 209MB
elasticsearch 7.6.2 f29a1ee41030 13 months ago 791MB
如果你想要保存当前容器的状态,就可以通过commit来提交,获得一个镜像,就好比我们我们使用虚拟机的快照。
入门成功!!!!