【数据库】Mysql中的索引与失效场景

1、前言

MySQL中数据表设计合理的索引对提高性能很有帮助。使用索引可以快速地定位表中的某条记录,从而提高数据库查询的速度,提高数据库的性能。
大多数情况下都(默认)采用B+ 树来构建索引。只是空间列类型的索引使R- 树,并且MEMORY 表还支持hash 索引。其实,用不用索引最终都是优化器说了算。 执行优化器是基于cost开销(CostBaseOptimizer) ,它不是基于规则( Rule-BasedOptimizer),也不是基于语义。另外 SQL 语句是否使用索引,跟数据库版本、数据量、数据选择度都有关系。但是,还是有一些明显的规则可以去判别是否索引失效,比如:最左匹配原则、数据类型转换、反向判断等。

1.1、索引类型

MySQL支持多种类型的索引结构,包括B+tree、Hash、R-tree和Full-text等。
B+tree索引:MySQL中最常用的一种索引结构。B+tree是一种平衡树,每个节点的度数在一个范围之内,并且每个叶子节点都在同一层上。B+tree索引可以在极短的时间内进行查找、排序和插入等操作,适合于较小的索引和范围查询。
Hash索引:一种使用哈希表实现的索引结构。哈希索引在存储数据时将key和值映射到一个哈希表中的位置,查询时可以直接通过计算key的哈希值来快速访问数据。哈希索引适合等值查询(即查询操作中通过“=”来查询数据)。
R-tree索引:一种用于存储和查询基于位置的数据的索引结构。R-tree索引可以在地理信息系统(GIS)中使用,用于查询特定区域内的位置数据。
Full-text索引:一种用于对文本列进行全文搜索的索引结构。Full-text索引可以在文本中查找关键字和短语,并返回匹配的行。Full-text索引适合于对大量文本数据进行搜索和过滤的场景。

1.2 分析工具EXPLAIN

例子:

explain select * from person where age = 9
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_age_IDXperson_age_IDX5const1100.0
字段含义
id执行select查询语句的序号,它是sql执行的顺序的标识,sql按照id从大到小执行,id相同的为一组,从上到下执行
select_type查询的类型,也就是对应的是简单查询还是复杂查询
table表名
partitions当前查询匹配记录的分区。对于未分区的表,返回null
type连接类型,有如下几种取值,性能从好到坏排序:system>const>eq_ref>ref>index_merge>range>index>ALL
possible_keys展示当前查询可以使用哪些索引,这一列的数据是在优化过程的早期创建的,因此有些索引可能对于后续优化过程是没用的
key表示MySQL实际选择的索引
key_len索引使用的字节数。由于存储格式,当字段允许为NULL时,key_len比不允许为空时大1字节
rowsMySQL估算会扫描的行数,数值越小越好
ref表示将哪个字段或常量和key列所使用的字段进行比较
filtered表示符合查询条件的数据百分比,最大100。用rows × filtered可获得和下一张表连接的行数。例如rows = 1000,filtered = 50%,则和下一张表连接的行数是500
Extra展示有关本次查询的附加信息

1.2、优化器跟踪(Optimizer Trace)

这个优化器跟踪的目的是生成可被人类和程序读取的输出,以帮助理解MySQL优化器所采取的决策和操作。
开启操作语法:

SET SESSION OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on"; # enable tracing
  <statement to trace>; # like SELECT, EXPLAIN SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE...
  SELECT * FROM information_schema.OPTIMIZER_TRACE;
  [ repeat last two steps at will ]
  SET SESSION OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=off"; # disable tracing

下面举个例子:
该例子用的数据下面person表中的,可以参考2、数据准备

explain select * from person where age not in (9); 
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_age_IDX7100.0Using where

优化选择过程:

SET optimizer_trace="enabled=on";  
select * from person where age not in (9); 
SELECT * FROM information_schema.OPTIMIZER_TRACE;  
SET optimizer_trace="enabled=off"; 

结果:
从分解过程中可以看到best_access_path中使用了scan,cost为2.4。

join_preparation:完成SQL的准备工作。在这个阶段,SQL语句会被格式化输出,通配符*会被具体字段代替,但不会进行等价改写动作。传入的SQL语句是select * from person where age not in (9)的结果。在完成了语句的补充、格式化后,准备阶段结束并进入下一阶段。

join_optimization:完成SQL语句的逻辑与物理优化的过程,这其中的优化步骤比较多。在展开具体内容之前,先解释下”select #”的问题。在输出中经常会看到有”select#:N”的字样,它表示当前跟踪的结构体是属于第几个SELECT。如果语句中使用多个SELECT语句拼接(如UNION)或者有嵌套子查询中有SELECT,会产生多个序号。

considered_execution_plans :对比实际的不同路径的成本。如果是多表关联,且有存在执行顺序(如left/right join或straight_join来强制指定顺序),则在plan_prefix部分会有前置条件;否则,就按照所有可能性评估。

{
  "steps": [
    {
      "join_preparation": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `person`.`id` AS `id`,`person`.`age` AS `age`,`person`.`code` AS `code`,`person`.`name` AS `name`,`person`.`weight` AS `weight`,`person`.`height` AS `height`,`person`.`deleted` AS `deleted` from `person` where (`person`.`age` <> 9) limit 0,200"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "join_optimization": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "condition_processing": {
              "condition": "WHERE",
              "original_condition": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)",
              "steps": [
                {
                  "transformation": "equality_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "constant_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)"
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "substitute_generated_columns": {
            }
          },
          {
            "table_dependencies": [
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "row_may_be_null": false,
                "map_bit": 0,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
            ]
          },
          {
            "rows_estimation": [
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "range_analysis": {
                  "table_scan": {
                    "rows": 7,
                    "cost": 4.5
                  },
                  "potential_range_indexes": [
                    {
                      "index": "PRIMARY",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_age_IDX",
                      "usable": true,
                      "key_parts": [
                        "age",
                        "id"
                      ]
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_code_IDX",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_height_IDX",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    }
                  ],
                  "setup_range_conditions": [
                  ],
                  "group_index_range": {
                    "chosen": false,
                    "cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
                  },
                  "analyzing_range_alternatives": {
                    "range_scan_alternatives": [
                      {
                        "index": "person_age_IDX",
                        "ranges": [
                          "NULL < age < 9",
                          "9 < age"
                        ],
                        "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
                        "rowid_ordered": false,
                        "using_mrr": false,
                        "index_only": false,
                        "rows": 7,
                        "cost": 10.41,
                        "chosen": false,
                        "cause": "cost"
                      }
                    ],
                    "analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "considered_execution_plans": [
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ],
                "table": "`person`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "rows_to_scan": 7,
                      "access_type": "scan",
                      "resulting_rows": 7,
                      "cost": 2.4,
                      "chosen": true
                    }
                  ]
                },
                "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                "rows_for_plan": 7,
                "cost_for_plan": 2.4,
                "chosen": true
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
              "original_condition": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)",
              "attached_conditions_computation": [
              ],
              "attached_conditions_summary": [
                {
                  "table": "`person`",
                  "attached": "(`person`.`age` <> 9)"
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "refine_plan": [
              {
                "table": "`person`"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "join_execution": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

2、数据准备

version()
5.7.28-log

创建数据库:

CREATE DATABASE `demo` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */;

创建表:ageheight为普通索引,codenameweight为组合索引。

-- demo.person definition

CREATE TABLE `person` (
  `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键id',
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年龄',
  `code` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '编码',
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '名字',
  `weight` int(3) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '体重',
  `height` int(3) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '身高',
  `deleted` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '是否删除  0 1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `person_age_IDX` (`age`) USING BTREE,
  KEY `person_code_IDX` (`code`,`name`,`weight`) USING BTREE,
  KEY `person_height_IDX` (`height`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=0 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

插入数据:

INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(12, '4545345345342', '奥特曼', 15, 89, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(52, '552421231332', '卫斯理', 21, 45, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(87, '85124561321', '福尔摩斯', 50, 180, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(56, '86454212', '爱因斯坦', 56, 190, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(45, '86454212', '爱威立雅', 108, 172, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(10, '8754534', '爱尔兰', 78, 169, 0);
INSERT INTO demo.person (age, code, name, weight, height, deleted) VALUES(9, '867564233', '小兰', 98, 150, 0);

3、举例说明

1、普通索引

explain select * from person
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALL7100.0

索引有效=

explain select * from person where age = 9
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_age_IDXperson_age_IDX5const1100.0

发生值类型转换:'9',依然有效。有些博文中说这个不行,万事没有绝对。

explain select * from person where age = '9'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_age_IDXperson_age_IDX5const1100.0

索引失效>

explain select * from person where age > 9
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_age_IDX785.71Using where

索引有效in

explain select * from person where age in(9)
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_age_IDXperson_age_IDX5const1100.0

in索引不一定有效,如下面的情形,in的范围比较大时,索引失效。

explain select * from person where age  in (9,10,28,56,41,50,92,20,12,51,54,2,45,2)
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_age_IDX7100.0Using where

索引失效not in

explain select * from person where age not in (9)
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_age_IDX7100.0Using where

2、组合索引(联合摄影)

该组合索引是:code,name,weight

最左匹配原则:
MySQL 建立多列索引(联合索引)有最左匹配的原则,即最左优先:如果有一个 2 列的索引 (a, b),则已经对 (a)、(a, b) 上建立了索引;如果有一个 3 列索引 (a, b, c),则已经对 (a)、(a, b)、(a, b, c) 上建立了索引。
只有code 索引有效:

explain select * from person where code = '11222' 
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX403const1100.0

name 索引失效:

explain select * from person where name = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALL714.29Using where

顺序为code,name时有效:

explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX606const,const1100.0

顺序为name,code时也有效,优化器会优化为:code,name

explain select * from person where name  = '111' and code = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX606const,const1100.0

优化器分析过程:

{
  "steps": [
    {
      "join_preparation": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `person`.`id` AS `id`,`person`.`age` AS `age`,`person`.`code` AS `code`,`person`.`name` AS `name`,`person`.`weight` AS `weight`,`person`.`height` AS `height`,`person`.`deleted` AS `deleted` from `person` where ((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰')) limit 0,200"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "join_optimization": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "condition_processing": {
              "condition": "WHERE",
              "original_condition": "((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰'))",
              "steps": [
                {
                  "transformation": "equality_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰'))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "constant_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰'))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰'))"
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "substitute_generated_columns": {
            }
          },
          {
            "table_dependencies": [
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "row_may_be_null": false,
                "map_bit": 0,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "field": "code",
                "equals": "'小兰'",
                "null_rejecting": false
              },
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "field": "name",
                "equals": "'111'",
                "null_rejecting": false
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "rows_estimation": [
              {
                "table": "`person`",
                "range_analysis": {
                  "table_scan": {
                    "rows": 7,
                    "cost": 4.5
                  },
                  "potential_range_indexes": [
                    {
                      "index": "PRIMARY",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_age_IDX",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_code_IDX",
                      "usable": true,
                      "key_parts": [
                        "code",
                        "name",
                        "weight",
                        "id"
                      ]
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "person_height_IDX",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    }
                  ],
                  "setup_range_conditions": [
                  ],
                  "group_index_range": {
                    "chosen": false,
                    "cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
                  },
                  "analyzing_range_alternatives": {
                    "range_scan_alternatives": [
                      {
                        "index": "person_code_IDX",
                        "ranges": [
                          "小兰 <= code <= 小兰 AND 111 <= name <= 111"
                        ],
                        "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
                        "rowid_ordered": false,
                        "using_mrr": false,
                        "index_only": false,
                        "rows": 1,
                        "cost": 2.21,
                        "chosen": true
                      }
                    ],
                    "analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
                    }
                  },
                  "chosen_range_access_summary": {
                    "range_access_plan": {
                      "type": "range_scan",
                      "index": "person_code_IDX",
                      "rows": 1,
                      "ranges": [
                        "小兰 <= code <= 小兰 AND 111 <= name <= 111"
                      ]
                    },
                    "rows_for_plan": 1,
                    "cost_for_plan": 2.21,
                    "chosen": true
                  }
                }
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "considered_execution_plans": [
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ],
                "table": "`person`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "access_type": "ref",
                      "index": "person_code_IDX",
                      "rows": 1,
                      "cost": 1.2,
                      "chosen": true
                    },
                    {
                      "access_type": "range",
                      "range_details": {
                        "used_index": "person_code_IDX"
                      },
                      "chosen": false,
                      "cause": "heuristic_index_cheaper"
                    }
                  ]
                },
                "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                "rows_for_plan": 1,
                "cost_for_plan": 1.2,
                "chosen": true
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
              "original_condition": "((`person`.`name` = '111') and (`person`.`code` = '小兰'))",
              "attached_conditions_computation": [
              ],
              "attached_conditions_summary": [
                {
                  "table": "`person`",
                  "attached": null
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "refine_plan": [
              {
                "table": "`person`"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "join_execution": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

code,name,weight顺序索引有效:

explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰' and weight  = 52
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0

order by 索引有效:

explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰' and weight  = 52 order by code,name,weight
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0
explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰' and weight  = 52 order by name,weight
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0
explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰' and weight  = 52 order by weight,name
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0
explain select * from person where code  = '111' and name = '小兰' and weight  = 52 order by weight,age
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0Using index condition; Using filesort

code,weight,name顺序索引有效,优化器会优化为code,name,weight

explain select * from person where code  = '111'  and weight  = 52 and name = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX611const,const,const1100.0

code,weight索引有效,索引有效值为 code

explain select * from person where code  = '111'  and weight  = 52
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX403const114.29Using index condition

code,weight>,name 索引有效,索引有效值为 code

explain select * from person where code  = '111'  and weight  > 52 and name = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrangeperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX6111100.0Using index condition

length(code)包含函数,索引失效,但是这个不一定,要看数据版本,数据量等:

explain select * from person where length(code)>10
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALL7100.0Using where

索引有效:

explain select count(1) from person where code = '86454212'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX403const2100.0Using index

索引有效:

explain select sum(age) from person where code = '86454212'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrefperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX403const2100.0

索引有效:

explain select * from person where code like '86454212'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrangeperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX4032100.0Using index condition

索引无效:

explain select * from person where code like '%86454212'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALL714.29Using where

索引有效:

explain select * from person where code like '86454212%'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonrangeperson_code_IDXperson_code_IDX4032100.0Using index condition

or索引无效:

explain select * from person where code  = '111' or name = '小兰'
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_code_IDX726.53Using where

组合索引和普通索引一起,索引无效:

explain select * from person where code  = '111' or age = 9
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonALLperson_age_IDX,person_code_IDX726.53Using where

普通索引和普通索引一起,索引无效:

explain select * from person where age = 9 or height  = 90
idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra
1SIMPLEpersonindex_mergeperson_age_IDX,person_height_IDXperson_age_IDX,person_height_IDX5,52100.0Using union(person_age_IDX,person_height_IDX); Using where

3、总结

  • 最佳左匹配法则(重点)
  • 计算、函数、类型转换(自动或手动)导致索引失效
  • 范围条件右边的列索引失效
  • 不等于(!= 或者<>)导致索引失效
  • is null可以使用索引,is not null无法使用索引
  • like以通配符%开头索引失效(重点)
  • OR 前后只要存在非索引的列,都会导致索引失效
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