程序员必需要掌握的 SQL 查询语句

以下是一些程序员需要掌握的 SQL 查询语句：

例如：

1、SELECT：选择数据表中的数据
`SELECT column_name1, column_name2 FROM table_name;` 

2、FROM：指定数据表
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name;` 

3、WHERE：筛选符合条件的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name = 'value';` 

4、AND：用于连接 WHERE 子句中的多个条件
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name1 = 'value1' AND column_name2 = 'value2';` 

5、OR：用于连接 WHERE 子句中的多个条件，其中至少一个条件必须成立
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name1 = 'value1' OR column_name2 = 'value2';` 

6、IN：筛选符合指定值中任意一个的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN ('value1', 'value2', 'value3');` 

7、NOT IN：筛选不符合指定值中任意一个的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name NOT IN ('value1', 'value2', 'value3');` 

8、LIKE：筛选符合指定模式的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE 'pattern';` 

9、NOT LIKE：筛选不符合指定模式的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name NOT LIKE 'pattern';` 

10、BETWEEN：筛选在指定范围内的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN 'value1' AND 'value2';` 

11、NOT BETWEEN：筛选不在指定范围内的数据
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name NOT BETWEEN 'value1' AND 'value2';` 

12、ORDER BY：按指定列进行排序
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC;` 

13、DESC：按指定列进行降序排序
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name DESC;` 

14、ASC：按指定列进行升序排序
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC;` 

15、GROUP BY：按指定列进行分组
`SELECT column_name1, SUM(column_name2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1;` 

16、HAVING：筛选分组后符合指定条件的数据
`SELECT column_name1, SUM(column_name2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1 HAVING SUM(column_name2) > 100;` 

17、JOIN：连接多个数据表
`SELECT table1.column_name1, table2.column_name2 FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name1 = table2.column_name1;` 

18、LEFT JOIN：连接左侧数据表，并包括右侧数据表中与左侧数据表中没有匹配项的行
`SELECT table1.column_name1, table2.column_name2 FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name1 = table2.column_name1;` 

19、RIGHT JOIN：右联接
`SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;` 

20、FULL OUTER JOIN：全外联接
`SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;` 

21、UNION：合并多个查询结果
`SELECT column_name FROM table1 UNION SELECT column_name FROM table2;` 

22、EXISTS：检查子查询结果是否存在
`SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT column_name FROM table2 WHERE column_name = 'value');` 

23、NOT EXISTS：检查子查询结果是否不存在
`SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT column_name FROM table2 WHERE column_name = 'value');` 

24、IN：在一系列值中匹配
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN ('value1', 'value2', 'value3');` 

25、NOT IN：不在一系列值中匹配
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name NOT IN ('value1', 'value2', 'value3');` 

26、BETWEEN：在一定范围内匹配
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN 'value1' AND 'value2';` 

27、LIKE：根据通配符匹配
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE '%value%';` 

28、NOT LIKE：根据通配符不匹配
`SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name NOT LIKE '%value%';` 

29、AVG：计算平均值
`SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;` 

30、COUNT：计算数据行数
`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;` 

31、MAX：计算最大值
`SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;` 

32、MIN：计算最小值
`SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;` 

33、SUM：计算总和
`SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;` 

34、DISTINCT ON：基于指定列的唯一值去重
`SELECT DISTINCT ON (column_name) column_name, column_name2, column_name3 FROM table_name;` 

35、CASE：根据条件返回不同的结果
`SELECT column_name, 
       CASE 
           WHEN column_name = 'value1' THEN 'result1' 
           WHEN column_name = 'value2' THEN 'result2' 
           ELSE 'result3' 
       END AS new_column_name 
FROM table_name;` 

36、COALESCE：返回第一个非空值
`SELECT COALESCE(column_name1, column_name2, column_name3) AS new_column_name FROM table_name;` 

37、ROW_NUMBER：按照指定列进行分组并排序
`SELECT column_name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY column_name2 DESC) FROM table_name;` 

38、RANK：按照指定列进行分组并排序，相同值的行具有相同的排名，跳过下一个排名
`SELECT column_name, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY column_name2 DESC) FROM table_name;` 

39、DENSE_RANK：按照指定列进行分组并排序，相同值的行具有相同的排名，不跳过下一个排名
`SELECT column_name, DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY column_name2 DESC) FROM table_name;` 

40、NTILE：将分组分成指定数量的桶
`SELECT column_name, NTILE(4) OVER (ORDER BY column_name2 DESC) FROM table_name;` 

41、LAG：返回当前行之前的指定偏移量的行的列值
`SELECT column_name, LAG(column_name2, 1) OVER (ORDER BY column_name2) FROM table_name;` 

42、LEAD：返回当前行之后的指定偏移量的行的列值
`SELECT column_name, LEAD(column_name2, 1) OVER (ORDER BY column_name2) FROM table_name;` 

43、FIRST_VALUE：返回分组中第一个行的列值
`SELECT column_name, FIRST_VALUE(column_name2) OVER (PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY column_name2) FROM table_name;` 

44、LAST_VALUE：返回分组中最后一个行的列值
`SELECT column_name, LAST_VALUE(column_name2) OVER (PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY column_name2 ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM table_name;` 

45、PERCENT_RANK：计算每行的百分位排名
`SELECT column_name, PERCENT_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY column_name2 DESC) FROM table_name;` 

46、CONCAT：连接多个字符串值为一个字符串
`SELECT CONCAT(column_name1, ' ', column_name2) FROM table_name;` 

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