20190922 (3) 学习英语语法的基础句法（主语 1 ）

前言

所有内容均出自《语法：赖世雄经典英语语法》，本人只是进行自我复习

要点一：动词不允许直接放句首当主语

See him makes me angry (错误）

所以当动词需要充当主语的时候，有两种形式可以实现目的
1. 动名词:通常表示动作已发生或为已知事实

Collecting stamps is one of his hbbies.
Listening to music makes me happy.

2. 动词不定式:通常表示事件未发生

To study abroad is my greates desire.
To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.

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要点二：句子应该像人一样，避免头重脚轻

长句都应该将充当主语的短语移动到句末
使用 it 代词作为形式主语（形式上，具体没含义）

以动名词和动词不定式举例：

1. 动名词放到句末通常改为不定式（特殊的后面说明）

Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
It is one of his hobbies to collecting stamps.

To study abroad is my greatest desire.
It is my greatest desire to study abroad.

2. 特例

It is no use + 动名词
It is useless + 不定式
It is of no use + 不定式
There is no use/sense/point + in + 动名词

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要点三：名词性从句（代慧疑）

1. that 从句

任何主语起首的句子加个 that 就可以了
He doesn’t believe my words.
That he doesn’t believe my words.

2. whether 从句

回答是 yes/no 都归于一般疑问句
Is he happy
whether he is happy

一般助动词开头的如(can/will/may等）
Can he do it
whether he can do it
Has he done it
whether he has done it

do/does/did 等助动词，去掉助动词
Did he come
whether he came
Does he like it
whether he likes it

3. 疑问词从句

What is he doing
what he is doing
Where can he find it
where he can find it
What did he write
what he wrote

特殊
who/what/which 作为主语的时候，结构不需发生变化

Who came here
who came here
What happened last night
what happened last night
Which was bought
which was bought

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要点四：that 名词性从句 不能直接 作介词宾语

1. (常用) + the fact + that 从句

I am worried about the fact that he doesn’t study.
让 that 从句作 the fact 同位语

2. 去掉 that

I am worried about his not studying
去掉 that / 主语变所有格 / 动词变动名词

变形时去掉无意义助动词
may --> be likely to
can --> be able to
I am happy about his being likely to come.

3. (常用)去掉 介词

I am worried that he doesn’t study.

习惯用法：（不需要 the fact ）
in that == because
except that 只可惜
notwithstanding taht 尽管 == despite the fact that

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要点五：疑问副词和疑问代词

疑问副词（副词就不能做宾语）
where to live
when to talk to him

疑问代词（就这三个能够充当主语的疑问词）
what to do
whom to see
which to buy
一定做不定时短语中动词/介词的宾语

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要点六：表距离的地方副词做主语

From A to B

From A to B is about 10 kilometers.

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要点七：无意义助动词

do / did / does 这类无意义助动词，在变形时出现，在恢复时去掉

Did he come
whether he came