第7章 C控制语句：分支和跳转

关键字：if、else、switch、continue、break、case、default、goto

运算符：&&、||、？

函数：getchar()、putchar()、cype.h系列

如何使用if和if else语句，如何嵌套它们

在更复杂的测试表达式中用逻辑运算符组合关系表达式

C的条件运算符

switch语句

break、continue和goto语句

使用C的字符I/O函数：getchar()和putchar()

ctype.h头文件提供的字符分析函数系列

目录

7.1 if语句

7.2 if else语句

7.2.1 介绍getchar()和putchar()

7.2.2 ctype.h系列的字符函数

7.2.3 多重选择else if

7.2.4 多层嵌套的if语句

7.3 逻辑运算符

7.3.1 备选拼写：iso646.h头文件

7.3.2 优先级

7.3.3 求值顺序

7.3.4 范围

7.4 一个统计单词的程序

7.5 条件运算符：？

7.6 循环辅助：continue和break

7.6.1 continue语句

7.6.2 break语句

7.7 多重选择：swithc和break

7.7.1 switch语句

7.7.2 只读每行的首字符

7.7.3 多重标签

7.7.4 switch和if else

7.8 goto语句

7.9 关键概念

7.10 本章小结

---

7.1 if语句

// colddays.c -- finds percentage of days below freezing
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    const int FREEZING = 0;
    float temperature;
    int cold_days = 0;
    int all_days = 0;
    
    printf("Enter the list of daily low temperatures.\n");
    printf("Use Celsius, and enter q to quit.\n");
    while (scanf("%f", &temperature) == 1)
    {
        all_days++;
        if (temperature < FREEZING)
            cold_days++;
    }
    if (all_days != 0)
        printf("%d days total: %.1f%% were below freezing.\n",
               all_days, 100.0 * (float) cold_days / all_days);
    if (all_days == 0)
        printf("No data entered!\n");
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang colddays.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter the list of daily low temperatures.
Use Celsius, and enter q to quit.
12 5 -2.5 0 6 8 -3 -10 5 10 q
10 days total: 30.0% were below freezing.

1. while循环的测试条件利用scanf()的返回值来结束循环，因为scanf()读到非数字字符时会返回0.
2. 未避免整数除法，强制类型转换。其实不使用也可以，C的自动转换类型规则，乘积会被强制转换成浮点数。为什么选择用强制类型转换，是因为明确表达转换类型的意图，保护程序免受不同版本的编译器的影响。

7.2 if else语句

if ( expression )
    statement1
else
    statement2

7.2.1 介绍getchar()和putchar()

ch = getchar(); //只处理字符，不需要转换说明
scanf("%c",&ch);

putchar(ch);
printf("%c",ch)

// cypher1.c -- alters input, preserving spaces 
#include <stdio.h>
#define SPACE ' '             // that's quote-space-quote 
int main(void)
{
    char ch;
    
    ch = getchar();           // read a character         
    while (ch != '\n')        // while not end of line    
    {
        if (ch == SPACE)      // leave the space          
            putchar(ch);      // character unchanged      
        else
            putchar(ch + 1);  // change other characters  
                                //字符实际上作为整数存储
        ch = getchar();       // get next character       
    }
    putchar(ch);              // print the newline        
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang cypher1.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
CALL ME HAL. 
DBMM NF IBM/

    
    //ch = getchar();           // read a character         
    while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')        // while not end of line    
    {
        if (ch == SPACE)      // leave the space          
            putchar(ch);      // character unchanged      
        else
            putchar(ch + 1);  // change other characters  
    //    ch = getchar();       // get next character       
    }

C常见编程风格--把两个行为合并成一个表达式.

另外“/”对应的ASCII码比“.”对应的ASCII码多1

7.2.2 ctype.h系列的字符函数

// cypher2.c -- alters input, preserving non-letters
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>            // for isalpha()
int main(void)
{
    char ch;
    
    while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')
    {
        if (isalpha(ch))      // if a letter,
            putchar(ch + 1);  // display next letter
        else                  // otherwise,
            putchar(ch);      // display as is
    }
    putchar(ch);              // display the newline
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang cypher2.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Look! It's a programmer!
Mppl! Ju't b qsphsbnnfs!

7.2.3 多重选择else if

// electric.c -- calculates electric bill 
#include <stdio.h>
#define RATE1   0.13230       // rate for first 360 kwh      
#define RATE2   0.15040       // rate for next 108 kwh  
#define RATE3   0.30025       // rate for next 252 kwh
#define RATE4   0.34025       // rate for over 720 kwh       
#define BREAK1  360.0         // first breakpoint for rates  
#define BREAK2  468.0         // second breakpoint for rates 
#define BREAK3  720.0         // third breakpoint for rates
#define BASE1   (RATE1 * BREAK1)
// cost for 360 kwh            
#define BASE2  (BASE1 + (RATE2 * (BREAK2 - BREAK1)))
// cost for 468 kwh
#define BASE3   (BASE1 + BASE2 + (RATE3 *(BREAK3 - BREAK2)))
//cost for 720 kwh
int main(void)
{
    double kwh;               // kilowatt-hours used         
    double bill;              // charges                     
    
    printf("Please enter the kwh used.\n");
    scanf("%lf", &kwh);       // %lf for type double         
    if (kwh <= BREAK1)
        bill = RATE1 * kwh;
    else if (kwh <= BREAK2)   // kwh between 360 and 468     
        bill = BASE1 + (RATE2 * (kwh - BREAK1));
    else if (kwh <= BREAK3)   // kwh betweent 468 and 720
        bill = BASE2 + (RATE3 * (kwh - BREAK2));
    else                      // kwh above 680               
        bill = BASE3 + (RATE4 * (kwh - BREAK3));
    printf("The charge for %.1f kwh is $%1.2f.\n", kwh, bill);
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang electric.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Please enter the kwh used.
580
The charge for 580.0 kwh is $97.50.

7.2.4 多层嵌套的if语句

// divisors.c -- nested ifs display divisors of a number
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
int main(void)
{
    unsigned long num;          // number to be checked
    unsigned long div;          // potential divisors
    bool isPrime;               // prime flag
    
    printf("Please enter an integer for analysis; ");
    printf("Enter q to quit.\n");
    while (scanf("%lu", &num) == 1)
    {
        /*
        for (div = 2; div < num; div++)
            if(num % div == 0)
                printf("%lu is divisible by %lu and %lu.\n",num, div, num / div);
        */
        for (div = 2, isPrime = true; (div * div) <= num; div++)
        //num是144，当div = 12时停止循环 。 num是145，当div = 13时停止循环
        {
            if (num % div == 0)
            {
                if ((div * div) != num)
                    printf("%lu is divisible by %lu and %lu.\n",
                           num, div, num / div);
                else
                    printf("%lu is divisible by %lu.\n",
                           num, div);
                isPrime= false; // number is not prime
            //如何知道一个数是素数？如果没有进入if语句，就是素数，标记（flag）
            }
        }
        if (isPrime)
            printf("%lu is prime.\n", num);
        printf("Please enter another integer for analysis; ");
        printf("Enter q to quit.\n");
    }
    printf("Bye.\n");
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang divisors.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Please enter an integer for analysis; Enter q to quit.
123456789
123456789 is divisible by 3 and 41152263.
123456789 is divisible by 9 and 13717421.
123456789 is divisible by 3607 and 34227.
123456789 is divisible by 3803 and 32463.
123456789 is divisible by 10821 and 11409.
Please enter another integer for analysis; Enter q to quit.
149
149 is prime.
Please enter another integer for analysis; Enter q to quit.
2013
2013 is divisible by 3 and 671.
2013 is divisible by 11 and 183.
2013 is divisible by 33 and 61.
Please enter another integer for analysis; Enter q to quit.
q
Bye.

7.3 逻辑运算符

// chcount.c  -- use the logical AND operator
#include <stdio.h>
#define PERIOD '.'
int main(void)
{
    char ch;
    int charcount = 0;
    
    while ((ch = getchar()) != PERIOD)
    {
        if (ch != '"' && ch != '\'') //如果测试字符不是双引号，并且也不是单引号
            charcount++;
    }
    printf("There are %d non-quote characters.\n", charcount);
 
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang chcount.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
I didn't read the "I'm a Programming Fool" best seller.
There are 50 non-quote characters.

7.3.1 备选拼写：iso646.h头文件

7.3.2 优先级

a > b && b > c || b > d
((a > b) && (b > c)) || (b > d)

7.3.3 求值顺序

7.3.4 范围

if(range >= 90 && range <= 100)

if(ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')

if(islower(ch))

7.4 一个统计单词的程序

// wordcnt.c -- counts characters, words, lines
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>         // for isspace()
#include <stdbool.h>       // for bool, true, false
#define STOP '|'
int main(void)
{
    char c;                 // read in character
    char prev;              // previous character read
    long n_chars = 0L;      // number of characters
    int n_lines = 0;        // number of lines
    int n_words = 0;        // number of words
    int p_lines = 0;        // number of partial lines
    bool inword = false;    // == true if c is in a word
//一个单词里是否有某个字符，在程序读入单词的首字符时把标记inword设置为1
//只要为1，后续的非空白字符都不记为单词的开始
    
    printf("Enter text to be analyzed (| to terminate):\n");
    prev = '\n';            // used to identify complete lines
    while ((c = getchar()) != STOP)
    {
        n_chars++;          // count characters
        if (c == '\n')
            n_lines++;      // count lines
        if (!isspace(c) && !inword) //查找单词，不含空格
        {
            inword = true;  // starting a new word
            n_words++;      // count word
        }
        if (isspace(c) && inword)
            inword = false; // reached end of word
        prev = c;           // save character value
    }
    
    if (prev != '\n')
        p_lines = 1;
    printf("characters = %ld, words = %d, lines = %d, ",
           n_chars, n_words, n_lines);
    printf("partial lines = %d\n", p_lines);
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang wordcnt.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter text to be analyzed (| to terminate):
Reason is a 
powerful servant but 
an inadequate master.
!
|
characters = 58, words = 10, lines = 4, partial lines = 0

如果c不是空白字符，且inword为假
    设置inword为真，并给单词计数
如果c是空白字符，且inword为真
    设置inword为假
即读到每个单词的开头时，把inword设置为1（真），在读到每个单词的末尾时把inword设置为0（假），只有标记从0设置为1时，递增单词计数。
if(inword) if(inword == true)
if(!inword) if(inword == false)

7.5 条件运算符：？

条件运算符是C语言中唯一的三元运算符

expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

/* paint.c -- uses conditional operator */
//计算给定平方英尺的面积需要多少罐油漆，用平方英尺数除以每罐油漆能刷的面积，但是，商店只卖整罐油漆，不会拆分来卖，所以1.7罐，就需要两罐。得到小树结果应该进1.

#include <stdio.h>
#define COVERAGE 350       // square feet per paint can
int main(void)
{
    int sq_feet;
    int cans;
    
    printf("Enter number of square feet to be painted:\n");
    while (scanf("%d", &sq_feet) == 1)
    {
        cans = sq_feet / COVERAGE; //截断
        cans += ((sq_feet % COVERAGE == 0)) ? 0 : 1; //整除 ； 余数
        printf("You need %d %s of paint.\n", cans,
               cans == 1 ? "can" : "cans");
        printf("Enter next value (q to quit):\n");
    }
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang paint.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter number of square feet to be painted:
349
You need 1 can of paint.
Enter next value (q to quit):
351
You need 2 cans of paint.
Enter next value (q to quit):
q

7.6 循环辅助：continue和break

7.6.1 continue语句

/* skippart.c  -- uses continue to skip part of loop */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    const float MIN = 0.0f;
    const float MAX = 100.0f;
    
    float score;
    float total = 0.0f;
    int n = 0;
    float min = MAX;
    float max = MIN;
    
    printf("Enter the first score (q to quit): ");
    while (scanf("%f", &score) == 1)
    {
        if (score < MIN || score > MAX)
        {
            printf("%0.1f is an invalid value. Try again: ",
                   score);
            continue;   // jumps to while loop test condition
            //跳过本次迭代的剩余部分，并开始下一轮迭代。
            //continue语句在嵌套循环内，则只影响包含该语句的内存循环
        }

        /*
        //减少主语句组的一级缩进，提高代码可读性

            if(score < MIN || score > MAX) {}
            else{

            }

            if(score >= 0 && score <=100)
        */
        printf("Accepting %0.1f:\n", score);
        min = (score < min)? score: min;
        max = (score > max)? score: max;
        total += score;
        n++;
        printf("Enter next score (q to quit): ");
    }
    if (n > 0)
    {
        printf("Average of %d scores is %0.1f.\n", n, total / n);
        printf("Low = %0.1f, high = %0.1f\n", min, max);
    }
    else
        printf("No valid scores were entered.\n");
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang skippart.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter the first score (q to quit): 50
Accepting 50.0:
Enter next score (q to quit): 200
200.0 is an invalid value. Try again: q
Average of 1 scores is 50.0.
Low = 50.0, high = 50.0

count = 0;
while (count < 10)
{
    ch = getchars();
    if(ch == '\n')
        continue;
    putchar(ch);
    count++;
}
//除换行符，因为ch是换行符，程序会跳过count++语句，并重新显示它们

for(count = 0; count < 10; count++)
{
    ch = getchars();
    if(ch == '\n')
        continue;
    putchar(ch)
}
//换行符也计算在内

7.6.2 break语句

/* break.c -- uses break to exit a loop */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    float length, width;
    
    printf("Enter the length of the rectangle:\n");
   //while(scanf("%f %f",&length,&width)==2)
    while (scanf("%f", &length) == 1)
    {
        printf("Length = %0.2f:\n", length);
        printf("Enter its width:\n");
        if (scanf("%f", &width) != 1)
            break;
        printf("Width = %0.2f:\n", width);
        printf("Area = %0.2f:\n", length * width);
        printf("Enter the length of the rectangle:\n");
    }
    printf("Done.\n");
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang break.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter the length of the rectangle:
10
Length = 10.00:
Enter its width:
20
Width = 20.00:
Area = 200.00:
Enter the length of the rectangle:
ab
Done.

7.7 多重选择：swithc和break

switch(整型表达式)
{
    case 常量1:
        语句
    case 常量2
        语句
    default:
        语句
}

/* animals.c -- uses a switch statement */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(void)
{
    char ch;
    
    printf("Give me a letter of the alphabet, and I will give ");
    printf("an animal name\nbeginning with that letter.\n");
    printf("Please type in a letter; type # to end my act.\n");
    while ((ch = getchar()) != '#')
    {
        if('\n' == ch)
            continue;
        if (islower(ch))     /* lowercase only          */
            switch (ch)
        {
            case 'a' :
                printf("argali, a wild sheep of Asia\n");
                break;
            case 'b' :
                printf("babirusa, a wild pig of Malay\n");
                break;
            case 'c' :
                printf("coati, racoonlike mammal\n");
                break;
            case 'd' :
                printf("desman, aquatic, molelike critter\n");
                break;
            case 'e' :
                printf("echidna, the spiny anteater\n");
                break;
            case 'f' :
                printf("fisher, brownish marten\n");
                break;
            default :
                printf("That's a stumper!\n");
        }                /* end of switch           */
        else
            printf("I recognize only lowercase letters.\n");
        while (getchar() != '\n')
            continue;      /* skip rest of input line */
        printf("Please type another letter or a #.\n");
    }                        /* while loop end          */
    printf("Bye!\n");
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang animals.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Give me a letter of the alphabet, and I will give an animal name
beginning with that letter.
Please type in a letter; type # to end my act.
a
argali, a wild sheep of Asia
Please type another letter or a #.
dab
desman, aquatic, molelike critter
Please type another letter or a #.
r
That's a stumper!
Please type another letter or a #.
Q
I recognize only lowercase letters.
Please type another letter or a #.
#
Bye!

7.7.1 switch语句

7.7.2 只读每行的首字符

7.7.3 多重标签

// vowels.c -- uses multiple labels
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    char ch;
    int a_ct, e_ct, i_ct, o_ct, u_ct;
    
    a_ct = e_ct = i_ct = o_ct = u_ct = 0;
    
    printf("Enter some text; enter # to quit.\n");
    while ((ch = getchar()) != '#')
    {
        switch (ch)
        {
            case 'a' :
            case 'A' :  a_ct++;
                break;
            case 'e' :
            case 'E' :  e_ct++;
                break;
            case 'i' :
            case 'I' :  i_ct++;
                break;
            case 'o' :
            case 'O' :  o_ct++;
                break;
            case 'u' :
            case 'U' :  u_ct++;
                break;
            default :   break;
        }                    // end of switch
    }                        // while loop end
    printf("number of vowels:   A    E    I    O    U\n");
    printf("                 %4d %4d %4d %4d %4d\n",
           a_ct, e_ct, i_ct, o_ct, u_ct);
    
    return 0;
}

[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ clang vowels.c 
[wlsh@wlsh-MacbookPro] ch07$ ./a.out 
Enter some text; enter # to quit.
I see under the overserr.#
number of vowels:   A    E    I    O    U
                    0    6    1    1    1

7.7.4 switch和if else

7.8 goto语句

7.9 关键概念

7.10 本章小结