Spring Cloud Ribbon：负载均衡的服务调用

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Ribbon简介

       简单的说，Ribbon 是 Netflix 发布的开源项目，主要功能是提供客户端的软件负载均衡算法，将 Netflix 的中间层服务连接在一起。Ribbon 客户端组件提供一系列完善的配置项如连接超时，重试等。简单的说，就是在配置文件中列出Load Balancer（简称LB）后面所有的机器，Ribbon 会自动的帮助你基于某种规则（如简单轮询，随机连接等）去连接这些机器。我们也很容易使用 Ribbon 实现自定义的负载均衡算法。

RestTemplate的使用

RestTemplate是一个HTTP客户端，使用它我们可以方便的调用HTTP接口，支持GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等方法。

GET请求方法

<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> T getForObject(URI url, Class<T> responseType);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI var1, Class<T> responseType);

getForObject方法

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
    return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}

getForEntity方法

//返回对象为ResponseEntity对象，包含了响应中的一些重要信息，比如响应头、响应状态码、响应体等
@GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername")
public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
    ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
    if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
        return entity.getBody();
    } else {
        return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500);
    }
}

POST请求方法

<T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> T postForObject(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType);

postForObject示例

@PostMapping("/create")
public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
    return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class);
}

postForEntity示例

 

@PostMapping("/create")
public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
    return restTemplate.postForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class).getBody();
}

PUT请求方法

void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Object... uriVariables);
void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
void put(URI url, @Nullable Object request);

PUT请求示例

@PutMapping("/update")
public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
    restTemplate.put(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user);
    return new CommonResult("操作成功",200);
}

DELETE请求方法

void delete(String url, Object... uriVariables);
void delete(String url, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
void delete(URI url);

DELETE请求示例

 

@DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}")
public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
    restTemplate.delete(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, id);
    return new CommonResult("操作成功",200);
}

创建user-service模块

用来给ribbon提供服务，添加依赖

<dependency>
   <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
   <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
   <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
   <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>

添加配置文件

server:
  port: 8201
spring:
  application:
    name: user-service
eureka:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: true
    fetch-registry: true
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/

添加userController常用接口

package com.macro.cloud.controller;
import com.macro.cloud.domain.CommonResult;
import com.macro.cloud.domain.User;
import com.macro.cloud.service.UserService;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
/**
 * Created by danpipi.
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController {
    private Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;
    @PostMapping("/create")
    public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
        userService.create(user);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public CommonResult<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        User user = userService.getUser(id);
        LOGGER.info("根据id获取用户信息，用户名称为：{}",user.getUsername());
        return new CommonResult<>(user);
    }
    @GetMapping("/getUserByIds")
    public CommonResult<List<User>> getUserByIds(@RequestParam List<Long> ids) {
        List<User> userList= userService.getUserByIds(ids);
        LOGGER.info("根据ids获取用户信息，用户列表为：{}",userList);
        return new CommonResult<>(userList);
    }
    @GetMapping("/getByUsername")
    public CommonResult<User> getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        User user = userService.getByUsername(username);
        return new CommonResult<>(user);
    }
    @PostMapping("/update")
    public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
        userService.update(user);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }
    @PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
        userService.delete(id);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }
}

创建ribbon-service模块，调用user-service模块实现负载均衡，添加依赖

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>

配置文件

server:
  port: 8301
spring:
  application:
    name: ribbon-service
eureka:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: true
    fetch-registry: true
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
service-url:
  user-service: http://user-service

@LoadBalanced注解可以提供RestTemplate负载均衡

package com.macro.cloud.config;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
/**
 * Created by 蛋皮皮 on 2020/8/29.
 */
@Configuration
public class RibbonConfig {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

UserRibbonController

package com.macro.cloud.controller;
import com.macro.cloud.domain.CommonResult;
import com.macro.cloud.domain.User;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
/**
 * Created by 蛋皮皮 on 2020/8/29.
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserRibbonController {
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;
    @Value("${service-url.user-service}")
    private String userServiceUrl;
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
    }
    @GetMapping("/getByUsername")
    public CommonResult getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
    }
    @GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername")
    public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
        if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
            return entity.getBody();
        } else {
            return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500);
        }
    }
    @PostMapping("/create")
    public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class);
    }
    @PostMapping("/update")
    public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user, CommonResult.class);
    }
    @PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, CommonResult.class, id);
    }
}

启动后调用接口测试http://localhost:8301/user/1

Ribbon的常用配置

#全局配置

ribbon:

ConnectTimeout: 1000 #服务请求连接超时时间（毫秒）
ReadTimeout: 3000 #服务请求处理超时时间（毫秒）
OkToRetryOnAllOperations: true #对超时请求启用重试机制
MaxAutoRetriesNextServer: 1 #切换重试实例的最大个数
MaxAutoRetries: 1 # 切换实例后重试最大次数
NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule #修改负载均衡算法

指定服务配置

user-service:
   ribbon:
   ConnectTimeout: 1000 #服务请求连接超时时间（毫秒）
   ReadTimeout: 3000 #服务请求处理超时时间（毫秒）
   OkToRetryOnAllOperations: true #对超时请求启用重试机制
   MaxAutoRetriesNextServer: 1 #切换重试实例的最大个数
   MaxAutoRetries: 1 # 切换实例后重试最大次数
   NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule #修改负载均衡算法

使用到的模块

springcloud-learning
├── eureka-server -- eureka注册中心
├── user-service -- 提供User对象CRUD接口的服务
└── ribbon-service -- ribbon服务调用测试服务