Flask--视图函数

函数视图

• 定义

• 被url装饰的==>后面处理逻辑的方法就是视图函数

• 视图函数的形式

• 同一函数处理单数和复数
• 同一函数处理GET/POST等多种方式请求
• 根据使用习惯，可以一个视图处理1个或多个逻辑

# 使用127.0.0.1:5000/ware访问全部项目信息
# 使用127.0.0.1:5000/ware?id=2获取单个项目信息
# 使用post 方法创建
@app.route('/ware', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def ware():
    id = request.args.get('id')
    if request.method == 'GET':     # get方法
        if id is None:
            return 'all ware info'  # 复数，全部信息
        return f'ware info: {id}'   # 单数， 单个信息
    elif request.method == 'POST':  # post方法
        if id is None:
            return 'Ceate a ware'

类视图

• 优点

• 类可继承
• 代码复用
• 可以定义多个函数

标准类视图

• 约束

• 类需要继承自Flask.views.View
• 需要重写dispatch_request方法,否则报错NotImplementedError
• as_view()意思是将类转成视图函数用，接收一个name参数，定义视图函数名，或者说定义端点名(端点默认取视图函数名)
• 只能用add_url_rule注册路由

• 方法

• methods: 定义支持的请求方法
• dispatch_request: 请求分发
• decorators: 自定义装饰器，元组或列表形式的类变量，存放装饰器的顺序与视图函数的顺序一致

• 示例

from flask import Flask, url_for, redirect, request
from flask.views import View

app = Flask(__name__)


class Ware(View):
    # methods = ['GET', 'POST']
    def dispatch_request(self):
        return '{}'.format(request.method)

# Map([<Rule '/' (OPTIONS, POST) -> ware>
app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Ware.as_view('ware'), methods=['POST'])


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

• 不同请求分发

class Ware(View):
    methods = ['GET', 'POST']       

    def get(self):
        return 'get'

    def post(self):
        return 'post'

    def dispatch_request(self):
        dispatch_pattern = {'get': self.get, 'post': self.post}
        method = request.method.lower()
        return dispatch_pattern.get(method)()


app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Ware.as_view('ware'))

• 类视图装饰器

def decorater(func):
    pass

class Ware(View):
    decorators = (deco,)   # 装饰器，顺序同视图函数顺序
    pass

app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Ware.as_view('ware'))

请求类视图

• 定义

• 基于请求方法的类视图, 是根据请求的"method"来执行不同的方法, 若用户是发送的"get"请求, 那么将会执行这个类的"get"方法, 其他的"method"方法类似, 如: “post”, “delete”, “put”

• 约束

• 类需要继承Flask.views.MethodView
• 需要定义对应的请求方法，否则报错Method Not Allowed
• 注册方式和标准类视图是相同的
• 自定义装饰器与标准类视图是相同的
• 不需要重写dispatch_request，仅在需要拓展时重写
• 不需要通过"request.method=="GET"来判断请求方式，父类通过getattr(self, request.method.lower(), None)获取

• MethodView源码

class MethodView(with_metaclass(MethodViewType, View)):
    """A class-based view that dispatches request methods to the corresponding
    class methods. For example, if you implement a ``get`` method, it will be
    used to handle ``GET`` requests. ::

        class CounterAPI(MethodView):
            def get(self):
                return session.get('counter', 0)

            def post(self):
                session['counter'] = session.get('counter', 0) + 1
                return 'OK'

        app.add_url_rule('/counter', view_func=CounterAPI.as_view('counter'))
    """

    def dispatch_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
        meth = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), None)

        # If the request method is HEAD and we don't have a handler for it
        # retry with GET.
        if meth is None and request.method == "HEAD":
            meth = getattr(self, "get", None)

        assert meth is not None, "Unimplemented method %r" % request.method
        return meth(*args, **kwargs)

• 示例

class UserVIew(MethodView):
    def get(self, project_id):
        if project_id is None:
            return 'Get All Project'
        return f'Get {project_id}'

    def post(self, project_id):
        return f'Post {project_id}'

    def put(self, project_id):
        return f'Put {project_id}'
    
    def delete(self, project_id):
        return f'Delete {project_id}'


f = UserVIew.as_view('user')
app.add_url_rule('/projects/<project_id>', view_func=f, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
app.add_url_rule('/projects/', view_func=f, defaults={'project_id': None}, methods=['GET'])

传参形式

• 通过斜杠传递参数

• 传统视图函数，常用于前后端不分离的项目

@app.route('/<id>') # http://127.0.0.1:5000/1
def hello(id):
	return f'hello {id}'

• 通过?和表单传递参数

@app.route('/', methods=['GET'])  # http://127.0.0.1:5000/?id=1
def hello():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        id = request.args.get('id')
        return f'hello {id}'

返回值类型

• String

@app.route('/h')
def h():
    return 'hello' # String

• render_template

@app.route('/he')
def he():
    return render_template('index.html') # render_template

• jsonify

@app.route('/hel')
def hel():
    return  jsonify({'a':1})   # jsonify

• tuple

@app.route('/hell')
def hell():
    # 返回元组时，顺序依次是：返回内容，返回状态码，返回的header
    return 'hello world', 200, {'Locateion':'www.baidu.com'}  # tuple

• make_response对象

@app.route('/hello')
def hello():
    response = make_response('hello')   # make_response对象
    response.headers = {'Location':'abc'}
    return response