python基础--类的这些特殊方法你都知道吗？

方法列表

方法	说明	案例
__dir__	列出所有的方法
__init__	构造方法
__new__	构建，实例化类
__del__	析构实例
__str__	打印相当于print
__call__	直接调用函数
__getattr__	获取参数
__setattr__	设置参数
__getitem__	sd
__setitem__	sd
__len__	sd
__repr__	sd
obj.__dict__	sd
obj.__class__	sd
class.__bases__	sd
class.__base__	sd
class.__mro__	查看继承类的层次结构
class.__subclasses__()	sd

__dir__

class CLanguage:
    __a = 1
    b = 2
    def __init__ (self):
        self.name = "C语言中文网"
        self.add = "http://c.biancheng.net"
        
print(dir(CLanguage))
print("---------")
clangs = CLanguage()
print(clangs.__dir__())
"""
['_CLanguage__a', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'b']
---------
['name', 'add', '__module__', '_CLanguage__a', 'b', '__init__', '__dict__', '__weakref__', '__doc__', '__repr__', '__hash__', '__str__', '__getattribute__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__lt__', '__le__', '__eq__', '__ne__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__new__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__', '__subclasshook__', '__init_subclass__', '__format__', '__sizeof__', '__dir__', '__class__']
"""

obj.__dict__

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon Feb 22 17:54:46 2021

@author: daicong
"""
class CLanguage:
    """输出可以看到私有属性的键需要加上类名"""
    __a = 1
    b = 2
    def __init__ (self):
        self.name = "C语言中文网"
        self.add = "http://c.biancheng.net"
#通过类名调用__dict__
print(CLanguage.__dict__)

#通过类实例对象调用 __dict__
clangs = CLanguage()
"""会打印类中所有的键值对"""
print(clangs.__dict__)
print(clangs._CLanguage__a)

"""
{'__module__': '__main__', '_CLanguage__a': 1, 'b': 2, '__init__': <function CLanguage.__init__ at 0x000001FE7D55F3A0>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'CLanguage' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'CLanguage' objects>, '__doc__': None}
{'name': 'C语言中文网', 'add': 'http://c.biancheng.net'}
"""

class.__mro__

class CLanguage:
    __a = 1
    b = 2
    def __init__ (self):
        self.name = "C语言中文网"
        self.add = "http://c.biancheng.net"
        
print(CLanguage.__mro__)
"""
(<class '__main__.CLanguage'>, <class 'object'>)
object是所有类的父类
"""