动词:
动词的概述:句子的必备,充当谓语部分。根据不同的用途划分为:及物动词/不及物动词;实义动词/情态动词/系动词/助动词;非谓语动词/谓语动词
及物动词:在使用时,其后必须跟宾语。如:afford、allow、bring等
不及物动词:使用时,后面不能跟宾语。如:hesitate、lie、occur等
有些不表示动作而表示状态(如感受、状况等)的动词,称为状态动词。Like、love、think、understand、seem、belong、own、appear等。状态动词在使用时,一般不用进行时态。
助动词:助动词本身没有意义,不能单独作谓语,主要为了帮助动词完成语法功能的动词。它们可以在句中与使实义动词一起构成疑问句、否定句;进行时、完成时和将来时;助动词一般包括am/is/are/were/,has/have/had,do/does/did,will/would,shall/should等。
助动词be的用法:和过去分词一起构成被动语态,可以是现在时、过去时或将来时。例如:The city is attacked. The city was attacked. The city will be attacked.
be+过去分词,这种结构可以表示动作,也可以表示状态。
例如:The glass was broken by a boy. (动作) The glass was (had been) broken. (状态)
be和动词的-ing形式构成进行时态,表示某时正在进行的动作。
例如:He is singing. He was singing. He will be singing.
be和不定式一起构成谓语,表示安排,打算:
例如:We are to start this afternoon. It was decided that Jack was to marry Jenny.
be和动词不定式用在条件从句中,表示将来的假想情况(只有were能这样用)
例如:If i were to do it, I should fail. (I know I shall not do it). She could do nothing if she were to run the farm. (I know she will not run it.)
助动词have的用法:
构成完成时,表示某事已完成(可表示现在已完成,过去某时完成,将来某时前完成):例如:She has written a letter. I had written a letter. I shall have got up when you call on me at six.
构成完成进行时,表示一直持续的动作(可表示直到现在,直到过去,到将来某时)。I have been writing a letter for an hour. He had been practising music till midnight. I shall have been learning France for six years by 2016.
构成虚拟语气,表示未实现的愿望或打算。I should have met him.(But I did not meet him.) He intended to have come.(But he did not come)
助动词do的用法:最主要的用法有两个:a) 与动词原形搭配构成一般现在时或一般过去时的疑问句或否定句;b) 用在实义动词前起强调作用。
例如:Do you do the shopping once a week?(疑问) He did not know when to set off.(否定)
The farmer did drive the cattle into the field.(表示强调)
情态动词: 一般用于描述委婉、礼貌、客气、强令等特殊语气,达到表现说话人复杂心理及情感的目的。情态动词包括:can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to(ought to 和 must没有过去时),另外,need和dare既可以作实义动词也可以作情态动词。
can/could主要指“能力”。如: I can speak France.
may主要指“允诺”。如:You may borrow my car this afternoon.
will指“预告,将要”。如:It will rain soon.
should/ought to主要指“不可推卸的义务或责任”。如:You should/ought to do as you’re told.
must主要表示“强令”或“不可推卸的责任”。如:You must be quiet.
needn’t指“没有义务”,即可做可不做。如:You needn’t help me. I can do it myself.
情态动词也称为情态助动词,它像助动词be, do, have一样可以直接在后面加not构成否定句或放在句首构成疑问句。如:You mustn’t move this table(否定句). May I ask you some questions?(疑问句). Can’t you see the picture(否定疑问句)
情态动词每次只能用一个
情态动词的时态和语态:
情态动词在形式上没有实义动词的各种变化,只有could, would, had to, was to/were to 等几个过去式,must和ought to等的过去式与现在式同形。情态动词的现在时和将来时没有区别,它通过自身的时间状语和上下文来说明的。(情态动词+动词原形构成现在时或将来时/情态动词+be+现在分词构成进行时)
would, could, might, should在形式上都可以说是will, can, may, shall的过去式,但与它们的用法和意义却没有多大关系,一般来说情态动词的过去式往往可以表示更加委婉、客气等含义。当情态动词用于表示过去的状态或动作时,则使用它们的过去时态。如:He say you can/will/may leave early. He said you could/would/might leave early.
情态动词should, ought to, could, must后接动词的完成时态时,往往表示一些特殊的含义。如:Jack was with me then, so he could not have been there.(表示对过去情况的推测)。
用情态动词表示推测:对所发生的事情进行描述的时候,一般有肯定、可能和推测三种情况。
如果说话人对所描述事实确信无疑,就可以用be或任意的实义动词直接描述。如:Jack is at home.(表示确定的事实)
如果说话人指的是可能发生的事,就可以用“may/might/could+动词原形”结构表示。如:Jack may/might be at home.
“must+动词原形”一般表示有根据而且近乎肯定的推测;must一般用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句则通常用“can/can’t+动词”。在表示有根据但是不太肯定的情况时则常常用“may/might”+动词的原形或完成时表示。如:Juday’s light is on. She must be at home. 如:He can’t be out. He is very busy. He might/may be working today.
表示推测时,其附加问句是通过情态动词后的动词形式来处理句尾的附加问句。“情态动词+动词的完成时”表示对过去事实的推测,所以有明确的时间状语时,附加问句部分动词一般应用过去时的助动词;如果没有明确的时间状语,则可以采用have/has或did/was/were两种形式中的任意一种。如:I saw Jenny in the park this moring. She can’t have been in the theater then. She can’t have been in the theater then, was she? He might have left, hasn’t/didn’t he?(前两个为有时间状语,后一个没有)
Would/used to
情态动词would/used to可以表示“习惯”或“过去常常”如:When we were students, we would often stay up all night. Jenny used to make her own dresses.
used to强调“过去常常......而现在已经不......了”。如: I used to smoke, but I don’t smoke any more.
used to be(是)/have(有)可以描述过去的状态。如:I used to be a writer a long time age. I’m a teacher now.
非谓语动词:非谓语动词包括不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。非谓语动词不能直接充当谓语。在句子中,一般相当于形容词,副词或动名词的作为。
不定式:
不定式是非谓语动词中比较常用的一种。它通常用“to+动词原形”构成,如: to wait, to ask, to do等。有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式的用法相当多,既可以像名词那样在句子中充当主语、宾语或表语。也可以像形容词那样充当定语,还可以像副词那样充当状语,主要作目的状语和结果状语。如:It’s easy to say. (不定式作真正的主语);We’re waiting here to see the sunsine.(目的状语);We have decided to use the post office(宾语);She seems to be fond of this song.(表语);We have a lot of things to deal with today.(定语);We hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.(结果状语).
当不定式作let, have和make(这些词都当“让”将)的补语时,不定式to可以省略。如:Let’s take a taxi; Don’t let/have the children annoy you; I want to have her paint the wall; The teather made Jack stay in after school.
“动词+宾语”作宾语补足语:feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe,perceive(察觉), see, smell, watch等动词后经常跟不带to的不定式或现在分词作补语。如:1I watch Jack figured out this mathematical problem. 2You can stand on the platform and watch the workers building in progress.(这些词后接不带to的不定式时1,一般表示动作的全过程,其后的补语动作往往是一些短暂性的动词;而当其后跟的是动词的现在分词形式时2,则通常强调动作正在进行中,尚未结束).
带to的不定式:不定式的一般用法是作句子的目的状语,而且经常用in order to 或so as to等词组来表示目的。如: I moved to New York to/in order to/ so as to learn English.
It is/was + 形容词+of+名词/代词+带to的不定式。(it作为形式主语的用法比作人称主语的用法更为常见)。如:It’s very kind of you to help us. 在这个结构中,有时形容词之后的介词of也可以用for。使用of时,该形容词往往指介词of之后的名词或代词表示的意思,具有所属关系;当没有所属关系是则应使用介词for。如:It was silly of us to believe him.(有所属关系,silly of us, we are silly...); It is importmant for you to learn a foreign language.(没有所属关系)。
动词的ing形式
动词的ing形式可以分为两种形式:一、动名词,具有名词的性质,在句子中充充当主语、宾语或表语。二、现在分词,具有形容词或副词的性质,在句子中充当定语、状语或补语。如:Seeing is believing.(均为动名词,前者作主语,后者作宾语);This is a running stream.(现在分词作定语)。
动名词和现在分词虽同形,但作用完全不一样,动名词具有名词的性质,常常作主语或宾语,而且由动词变化而来,所以后面可以跟自己的宾语。如:Washing the car seems to be his main job.
过去分词
过去分词和现在分词一样,具有形容词或副词的功能,在句子中一般充当状语、定语、表语或补语。如:Seen from the plane, the houses look like some toy boxes.(方式状语);Pay attention to the broken glasses.(定语);Astonished by the strange sound, all the children hid themselves under the bed.(原因状语);Destroyed during the war, the city has now been completely rebuild.(时间状语)。
现在分词和过去分词的区别:一般来说,现在分词表示与其被修饰词之间是“主动”的关系,同时强调其动作“正在发生”;而过去分词截然相反,它一般表示其与修饰词之间是“被动”的关系,且强调动作为“已经完成了的”。如:Grandma was sitting in an armchair,telling stories.(telling为现在分词作was sitting的伴随状语,强调动作“正在发生”,且与逻辑主语grandma之间是主动关系);Guided by the local farmer, we succeeded in climbing the mountain.(guided为过去分词,充当状语,与逻辑主语之间是被动关系)。
独立主格结构:由“名词/代词(逻辑主语部分)+逻辑谓语部分”组成,其逻辑谓语部分可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式或介词短语。独立主格结构一般用于逻辑主语与句子的真正主语不同的句子中。如:Seeing the red traffic light turning on, the driver stopped his car.(不是独立主格结构,因为逻辑主语与句子中真正的主语一致);The red traffic light turning on, the driver stopped his car.(构成独立主格结构)。