代词:
人称代词:是为了避免重复,用来代替前面提到过的人、动物、事物的词。
如:This is our new car. I bought it last month. 人称代词根据用法不同而有人称、数和所有格的变化。
数 | 单数 | 复数 | ||||||
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they |
宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | us | you | them |
人称代词的用法:
人称代词的主格在句中作主语,第一人称代词I在句中任何位置都要大写。第二人称单复数同形。如:I am a teacher. You are a journalist.
人称代词的宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语。如:Please tell me where I should go.
人称代词作主语时,其后的谓语动词要跟主语保持一致。一般现在时和进行时中,动词和助动词be有三种不同的形式:人称代词I后用am, he/she/it后用is, you/we/they后用are.一般过去时中I, he/she/it后用was, you/we/they后用were. 如:She is very king. They were listening to the music when she was having her milk.
在一般现在时和现在完成时中,动词和助动词have有两种形式:I/we/you/they后要用have,而he/she/后用has. 如:He has done his job.
在一般现在时中,当he和she作主语时,实义动词作谓语要用单三形式。如:He who laughs last laughts best. He knows she is an honest gril.
人称代词的顺序排列
当一个人称代词和另外一个人称代词或名词并列时,并且是单数人称代词并列,出于礼貌,第一人称总是后置,第二人称则是前置,第三人称位于第二人称之后,第一人称之前。如:You, he, and I will take part in the birthday party on Saturday.
复数人称代词并列做主语时,其顺序为:第一人称前置,第三人称后置,第二人称位于两者之间。如:We, you and they are in the same class.
在“及物动词+副词”的结构中,作宾语的人称代词要放在动词和副词之间,而名词则放在副词之后。如:He put on his jacket.
代词it的特殊用法
代替前面已经提到过的事物。如:Where is my bag? It’s on the desk.
代替性别不明的婴儿或动物。如:It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl.
代替不确定的人或事物。如:Who is it? It’s me.
指时间、距离和自然现象等。如:How long is it?
作形式上的主语。如:It’s a good idea to go there.
作形式上的宾语。如:I don’t think it a good idea.
习惯用语。如:It doesn’t matter.
构成强调句型“It is + 被强调部分 + that(who)+其余部分”如: It is not he who wants to have a rest.
不定代词
不定代词指的是some, any, no and every以及与之组成的复合词,如:someone,anyone, none, everyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, somebody, anything, everything, nothing等。不定代词常常表示不确定的人,物或量。
在表示“一些”时,some一般用于肯定陈述句中,而any则一般用于疑问句或否定句中。如:There are some frogs in the pond.(肯定句,some既可以修饰可数名词也能修饰不可数名词)。There aren’t any frogs in the pond. Are there any frogs in the pond?
当表示建议或请求的时候,仍用some或something等。如:Would you like something to drink?
any 或 anything 用于陈述句的肯定形式的时候,表示泛指概念,指“任何”。如:You can choose anything you like here.
复合不定代词,如something/anything等的定语一般后置。如:This is something special. This isn’t anything important.
当需要“排除”概念时,经常将else与不定代词连用,构成everyone else, someone else, anyone else, nothing else等,表示“另外的”“别的”之意。如:We need one more helper. Can you find anyone else?
指代“a/an+可数名词”时,则必须用one作宾语(即所说的为非特指时,则必须使用some或any作宾语)。如:Would you like a drink? I’d love one. Thank you.
当不可数名词或复数名词用于非特指时,则必须使用some或any作宾语。如:answer: Have you got any sugar? Can you lend me some? Ask: Sorry, I haven’t got any.
物主代词
物主代词的概念(两种形式):形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。物主代词也就是人称代词的所有格,表示所属,同时有指代作用。每一个人称代词都对应着一个物主代词的形式。
人称 | 数 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 |
第一人称 | 单数 | my | mine |
复数 | our | ours | |
第二人称 | 单数 | your | yours |
复数 | your | yours | |
第三人称 | 单数 | his | his |
her | hers | ||
its | its | ||
复数 | their | theirs |
物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词属于限定词,具有形容词的性质,相当于名词加“-s”,在句子中只能做定语,与own连用还可以表示强调。She saw what happened with her own eyes.
名词性物主代词具有名词的性质,在句子中可以做主语、宾语和表语。This isn’t my phone. Mine is broken.
名词性物主代词实际上是形容词性物主代词和被它所限定的名词的缩略形式。例如:my bag = mine. 在双方都明白所指的对象或上文中已提到过的情况下,一般无需重复形容词性物主代词后的名词,而直接用名词性物主代词代替。如:Your shirt is red. Mine is yellow.
名词性物主代词还可以用在“of+名词性物主代词”的双重所有格结构中,表示“其中之一”或带有一定感情色彩。如:A friend of mine will arrive ths week.
反身代词
反身代词的概念:反身代词属于所有格形容词,为“形容词性物主代词+self”组成的复合词,或“人称代词宾格+self”.反身代词的主要形式如下表所示。
人称 | 单数 | 复数 |
第一人称 | myself | ourselves |
第二人称 | yourself | yourselves |
第三人称 | himself | themselves |
herself | ||
itself | ||
| oneself |
|
反身代词的用法
某些动词(这样的词较少),如:avail(有利),absent,pride等,后面必须跟反身代词作宾语。如::The soldier absented himself without leave for two days.
当主语和宾语为同一人时,动词后面绝不能跟宾格代词(me, him, her等)作宾语,而必须使用反身代词。如:The little girl dresses herself every day.
反身代词也可以作间接宾语。如:The boss gave himself a rise.
反身代词常用在动词、名词或形容词词组的介词之后,起强调作用。如:Take care of yourself!. Judy is pleased with herself.
“by+反身代词”表示“无冤地”、“独自地”。如:He lives by himself.
反身代词用在but和than之后并不表示强调。如:You can blame no one but yourself.
反身代词经常放在名词或代词之后,起强调的作用。如:I myself heard the explosion quite clearly. The engine itself is all right, but the lights are badly damaged.
反身代词也可放在句尾。如:I saw the accident myself.
指示代词
指示代词包括this, that, these, those, 其中this, these 为“近指”指示代词,与here相对;that,those为“远指”指示代词,与there对应。它们一般与名词连用。如:this boy、that girl、these students、those students。
根据功能,指示代词又可以分为纯指示代词和形容词性指示代词,前者可以单独使用,后者经常搭配一个名词或one。如:I don’t like this.(纯指示代词)。 This dress is very beautiful.(形容词性指示代词+名词).
通常来说,单纯用指示代词时,不指人而指物;但在who...?问句中,也可以指人。如:I found this bag. I found this. What’s this/that?(指物). Who’s this/that?(指人)