python自动化课程笔记（十三）单例模型、代码性能、抛出异常

#单例模型(重要)
class Person (object):
    __instance = None
    is_first = True

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): 

        #如果类属性__instance的值为None
        #创建一个对象，并赋值为这个对象的引用，保证下次调用这个方法时
        #能够知道之前已经创建过对象了，这样就保证了只有一个对象

        if not cls.__instance: #保存第一次创建对象
            cls.__instance = object.__new__(cls) 
        return object.__new__(cls) #返回第一次创建的对象

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        if Person.is__first:
            self.name = name
            self.age = age

xm = Person("小明"，18)
xh = Person("小红"，16)
print(id(xm))
print(id(xh)) #小明和小红的id相同 返回的ID都唯一

a = 6.99
b = 3.2
c = a * b
print(c) #输出 22.368000000000000002

from decimal import Decimal  #精确输出
from decimal import getcontext #设置精度

print(Decimal("6.99")*Decimal("3.2))

getcontext().prec = 2 #精度为2

print(Decimal("6.99")*Decimal("3.2))

def t1():
    l = []
    for i in range(1000):
        l.append(i)

def t2():
    l = []
    for i in range(1000):
        l = l + [i]  #使用 += 更快

def t3():
    l = [i for i in range(1000)]

def t4():
    l = list(range(1000))

from timeit import Timer #可以测试代码运行时间

time1 = Timer("t1()","from __main__ import t1") #第一个参数为执行的函数 第二个为从入口导入函数
print(time1.timeit(number = 10000)) #输出执行10000次time1函数所耗的时间 默认为一百万次

time2 = Timer("t2()","from __main__ import t2") 
print(time2.timeit(number = 10000)) 

time3 = Timer("t3()","from __main__ import t3") 
print(time3.timeit(number = 10000))

time4 = Timer("t4()","from __main__ import t4") #用时最短
print(time4.timeit(number = 10000))

#if __name__ == '__main__': #入口函数


import time
start_time = time.time()
#假装此处有代码
end_time =time.time()

print(end_time - start_time) #可以用来计算所耗时间

冒泡排序

def bubble_sort(alist):
    n = len(alist)
    for i in range(n-1)
        print("*")
        count = 0
        for j in range(n-1-i):
            if alist[j] >= alist[j+1]:
            alist[j],alist[j+1] = alist[j+1],alist[j]
            count+=1
        if count == 0:
            break

if___name___=='__main__':
    alist =[12,323,234,55454,32,323]
    bubble_sort(alist)
    print(alist)

抛出异常

try: # 尝试
    open("adsaadx.txt")
except FileNotFoundError as a：  # FileNotFoundError 为异常类型 发生异常后保存异常信息并打印
    print("错误",a)
else:  #未捕获到异常执行
    print("else") 
finally:  #无论是否捕获都执行
    print("finally")


自定义异常类
class AgeError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age
    def __str__(self):
        return"1-15之间，age = %d" % self.age

class person(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        if age > 0 and age <= 15:
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
        else: # 如果年龄不在0-15之间提示异常
            # print("您输入错误了")
            raise AgeError(age) #抛出异常

xm = Person("小明"，1123)

class Test(object):
    def __init__(self,switch):
        self.swith = switch  #顶一个开关 

    def num(self,a,b):
        try:
            return a/b
        except Exception as result:
            if self.switch: # 如果switch 为真则打印
                print(result)
            else:  # 为假则抛出异常
                raise

a = Test(True)
a.num(11,0)