LeetCode---Path Sum、Invert Binary Tree、Kth Smallest Element in a BST、最近公共祖先

112. Path Sum

Given a binary tree and a sum, determine if the tree has a root-to-leaf path such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given sum.

Note: A leaf is a node with no children.

Example:

Given the below binary tree and sum = 22,

      5
     / \
    4   8
   /   / \
  11  13  4
 /  \      \
7    2      1

给定一个二叉树和一个目标和，判断该树中是否存在根节点到叶子节点的路径，这条路径上所有节点值相加等于目标和。

说明: 叶子节点是指没有子节点的节点。

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def hasPathSum(self, root, sum):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :type sum: int
        :rtype: bool
        """
        if root is None:
            return False
        if root.left is None and root.right is None:
            return root.val==sum
        return self.hasPathSum(root.left,sum-root.val) or self.hasPathSum(root.right,sum-root.val)

226. Invert Binary Tree

Invert a binary tree.

Example:

Input:

     4
   /   \
  2     7
 / \   / \
1   3 6   9

Output:

     4
   /   \
  7     2
 / \   / \
9   6 3   1

翻转一棵二叉树。

思路：翻转根节点为root的二叉树  =  翻转根节点为root.left的二叉树 （问题的自相似性，使用递归解决）+ 翻转根节点为root.right的二叉树 （问题的自相似性，使用递归解决）+ 交换root节点左右子树

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def invertTree(self, root):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :rtype: TreeNode
        """
        if root is None:
            return None
        if root.left or root.right:
            root.left,root.right=self.invertTree(root.right),self.invertTree(root.left)
        return root

230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST

Given a binary search tree, write a function kthSmallest to find the kth smallest element in it.

Note: 
You may assume k is always valid, 1 ≤ k ≤ BST's total elements.

Example 1:

Input: root = [3,1,4,null,2], k = 1
   3
  / \
 1   4
  \
   2
Output: 1

Example 2:

Input: root = [5,3,6,2,4,null,null,1], k = 3
       5
      / \
     3   6
    / \
   2   4
  /
 1
Output: 3

给定一个二叉搜索树，编写一个函数 kthSmallest 来查找其中第 k 个最小的元素。

思路：因为左节点小于根节点小于右节点，二叉搜索树的一个特性就是中序遍历的结果是树内节点从小到大顺序输出的结果。所以这里采用迭代的形式，就可以找到第k小的数马上退出。

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def kthSmallest(self, root, k):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :type k: int
        :rtype: int
        """
        stack=[]
        while root or stack:
            while root:
                stack.append(root)
                root=root.left
            root=stack.pop()
            k-=1
            if k==0:
                return root.val
            root=root.right

235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree

Given a binary search tree (BST), find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two given nodes in the BST.

According to the definition of LCA on Wikipedia: “The lowest common ancestor is defined between two nodes p and q as the lowest node in T that has both p and q as descendants (where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself).”

Given binary search tree:  root = [6,2,8,0,4,7,9,null,null,3,5]

 

Example 1:

Input: root = [6,2,8,0,4,7,9,null,null,3,5], p = 2, q = 8
Output: 6
Explanation: The LCA of nodes 2 and 8 is 6.

Example 2:

Input: root = [6,2,8,0,4,7,9,null,null,3,5], p = 2, q = 4
Output: 2
Explanation: The LCA of nodes 2 and 4 is 2, since a node can be a descendant of itself according to the LCA definition.

给定一个二叉搜索树, 找到该树中两个指定节点的最近公共祖先。

百度百科中最近公共祖先的定义为：“对于有根树 T 的两个结点 p、q，最近公共祖先表示为一个结点 x，满足 x 是 p、q 的祖先且 x 的深度尽可能大（一个节点也可以是它自己的祖先）。”

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :type p: TreeNode
        :type q: TreeNode
        :rtype: TreeNode
        """
        if root is None:
            return None
        if p.val<root.val and q.val<root.val:
            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.left,p,q)
        elif p.val>root.val and q.val>root.val:
            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.right,p,q)
        else:
            return root

113. Path Sum II

Given a binary tree and a sum, find all root-to-leaf paths where each path's sum equals the given sum.

Note: A leaf is a node with no children.

Example:

Given the below binary tree and sum = 22,

      5
     / \
    4   8
   /   / \
  11  13  4
 /  \    / \
7    2  5   1

Return:

[
   [5,4,11,2],
   [5,8,4,5]
]

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def pathSum(self, root, sum):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :type sum: int
        :rtype: List[List[int]]
        """
        def dfs(root,currsum,valuelist):
            if root.left is None and root.right is None:
                if currsum==sum:
                    res.append(valuelist)
            if root.left:
                dfs(root.left,currsum+root.left.val,valuelist+[root.left.val])
            if root.right:
                dfs(root.right,currsum+root.right.val,valuelist+[root.right.val])
        res=[]
        if root is None:
            return res
        dfs(root,root.val,[root.val])
        return res