区分string.h和cstring和string

在C/C++中操作字符串的时候，傻傻的不知道用哪一个，到底哪一个才符合标准规范，我们一起来解读一下他们的区别

一、string.h

// -*- C++ -*-
//===--------------------------- string.h ---------------------------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING_H
#define _LIBCPP_STRING_H
#include <__config>
#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif
#include_next <string.h>   //引入下一个string.h 下一个string.h中定义了strlen strcpy这些函数
#if defined(__CORRECT_ISO_CPP_STRING_H_PROTO) || defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || \
    defined(__sun__) || defined(_STRING_H_CPLUSPLUS_98_CONFORMANCE_)
#define _LIBCPP_STRING_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS
#endif
#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_LIBCPP_STRING_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS) && defined(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD)
extern "C++" {
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
char* __libcpp_strchr(const char* __s, int __c) {return (char*)strchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
const char* strchr(const char* __s, int __c) {return __libcpp_strchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
      char* strchr(      char* __s, int __c) {return __libcpp_strchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
char* __libcpp_strpbrk(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return (char*)strpbrk(__s1, __s2);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
const char* strpbrk(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return __libcpp_strpbrk(__s1, __s2);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
      char* strpbrk(      char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return __libcpp_strpbrk(__s1, __s2);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
char* __libcpp_strrchr(const char* __s, int __c) {return (char*)strrchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
const char* strrchr(const char* __s, int __c) {return __libcpp_strrchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
      char* strrchr(      char* __s, int __c) {return __libcpp_strrchr(__s, __c);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
void* __libcpp_memchr(const void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {return (void*)memchr(__s, __c, __n);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
const void* memchr(const void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {return __libcpp_memchr(__s, __c, __n);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
      void* memchr(      void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {return __libcpp_memchr(__s, __c, __n);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
char* __libcpp_strstr(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return (char*)strstr(__s1, __s2);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
const char* strstr(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return __libcpp_strstr(__s1, __s2);}
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
      char* strstr(      char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return __libcpp_strstr(__s1, __s2);}
}
#endif
#endif  // _LIBCPP_STRING_H

由上面string.h的源码可以知道，string.h只定义了对char *的一些基本操作，里面并没有定义string。其实string,h是C的标准库，因为C语言并不支持字符串操作，所以只提供了char *的一些操作处理。

二、cstring

// -*- C++ -*-
//===--------------------------- cstring ----------------------------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTRING
#define _LIBCPP_CSTRING
/*
    cstring synopsis
Macros:
    NULL
namespace std
{
Types:
    size_t
void* memcpy(void* restrict s1, const void* restrict s2, size_t n);
void* memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
char* strcpy (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
char* strncpy(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
char* strcat (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
char* strncat(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
int strcmp (const char* s1, const char* s2);
int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
int strcoll(const char* s1, const char* s2);
size_t strxfrm(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);
      void* memchr(      void* s, int c, size_t n);
const char* strchr(const char* s, int c);
      char* strchr(      char* s, int c);
size_t strcspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2);
      char* strpbrk(      char* s1, const char* s2);
const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c);
      char* strrchr(      char* s, int c);
size_t strspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2);
      char* strstr(      char* s1, const char* s2);
char* strtok(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
char* strerror(int errnum);
size_t strlen(const char* s);
}  // std
*/
#include <__config>
#include <string.h>
#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif
_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
using ::size_t;
using ::memcpy;
using ::memmove;
using ::strcpy;
using ::strncpy;
using ::strcat;
using ::strncat;
using ::memcmp;
using ::strcmp;
using ::strncmp;
using ::strcoll;
using ::strxfrm;
using ::memchr;
using ::strchr;
using ::strcspn;
using ::strpbrk;
using ::strrchr;
using ::strspn;
using ::strstr;
#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREAD_UNSAFE_C_FUNCTIONS
using ::strtok;
#endif
using ::memset;
using ::strerror;
using ::strlen;
_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTRING

由上面源码可以知道cstring其实也没干什么，除了引入了string.h之外，还通过命名空间包装了string.h中的所有方法。由此可知cstring只是为了兼容C标准库的string.h，并通过std命名空间来引入到C++中。因此C++就应该使用cstring，C只能使用string.h

三、string

// -*- C++ -*-
//===--------------------------- string -----------------------------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING
#define _LIBCPP_STRING

#include <__config>
#include <string_view>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdio>  // For EOF.
#include <cwchar>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <utility>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <__functional_base>
#include <version>
#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
#include <cstdint>
#endif
#include <__debug>
#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif
_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
#include <__undef_macros>
_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_string
    : private __basic_string_common<true>
{
public:
    typedef basic_string                                 __self;
    typedef basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>           __self_view;
    typedef _Traits                                      traits_type;
    typedef _CharT                                       value_type;
    typedef _Allocator                                   allocator_type;
    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>             __alloc_traits;
    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type           size_type;
    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type     difference_type;
    typedef value_type&                                  reference;
    typedef const value_type&                            const_reference;
    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer             pointer;
    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer       const_pointer;

    static_assert((!is_array<value_type>::value), "Character type of basic_string must not be an array");
    static_assert(( is_standard_layout<value_type>::value), "Character type of basic_string must be standard-layout");
    static_assert(( is_trivial<value_type>::value), "Character type of basic_string must be trivial");
    static_assert(( is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value),
                  "traits_type::char_type must be the same type as CharT");
    static_assert(( is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value),
                  "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
#if defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
    typedef pointer                                      iterator;
    typedef const_pointer                                const_iterator;
#else  // defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
    typedef __wrap_iter<pointer>                         iterator;
    typedef __wrap_iter<const_pointer>                   const_iterator;
#endif  // defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>             reverse_iterator;
    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>       const_reverse_iterator;
private:
#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
    struct __long
    {
        pointer   __data_;
        size_type __size_;
        size_type __cap_;
    };
#ifdef _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
    static const size_type __short_mask = 0x01;
    static const size_type __long_mask  = 0x1ul;
#else  // _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
    static const size_type __short_mask = 0x80;
    static const size_type __long_mask  = ~(size_type(~0) >> 1);
#endif  // _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
    enum {__min_cap = (sizeof(__long) - 1)/sizeof(value_type) > 2 ?
                     (sizeof(__long) - 1)/sizeof(value_type) : 2};
    struct __short
    {
        value_type __data_[__min_cap];
        struct
            : __padding<value_type>
        {
            unsigned char __size_;
        };
    };
#else
    struct __long
    {
        size_type __cap_;
        size_type __size_;
        pointer   __data_;
    };
********************省略代码****************
}
#if defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
// On newlib, off_t is 'long int'
typedef long int streamoff;         // for char_traits in <string>
#else
typedef long long streamoff;        // for char_traits in <string>
#endif
template <class _CharT,             // for <stdexcept>
          class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_string;
typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> > string;
typedef basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>, allocator<wchar_t> > wstring;
// Include other forward declarations here
template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS vector;
_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
#endif  // _LIBCPP_IOSFWD

右上面的源码可以知道string提供了string的定义，是通过c++里面的模板来实现的，除此之外声明了域名空间std。因此可以得出结论：

• string.h作为C标准库只简单的提供了char*的一些字符串处理，因此在C文件中只能使用string.h
• cstring是C++为了兼容C代码，包装了string.h中的所有定义，因此如果在C++代码中想使用string.h提供的一些函数，编程规范规定应该使用cstring而不是string.h
• string是C++为了更加方便的处理字符串，提供了string来代替char*之外还提供了更加强大的功能，编程规范中要求尽量少使用char*来处理字符串，应该使用string来处理字符串相关的操作