英语基础语法入门

英语基础语法入门

1-语序和5种基本句式

英语5种基本句式：
1、S V （主语+谓语），subject. + verb.
2、S V P （主语+系动词+表语）
3、S V P （主语+谓语+宾语）
4、S V o O （主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）
5、S V O C （主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）

句式1：Subject（主语）+ Verb（谓语）
例句：The universe remains. 宇宙长存。

句式2：Subject（主语）+ L.V（联系动词 Link Verb）+ P（表语）
例句：The food is delicious. 这个食物很美味。

句式3：Subject（主语）+ Verb（谓语）+ Object（宾语）
例句：He took his bag and left. 他拿着书包离开了。

句式4：Subject（主语）+ Verb（谓语）+ L.o（间接宾语）+ D.o（直接宾语）
例句：Her father bought her a dictionary. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典。

句式4：Subject（主语）+ Verb（谓语）+Object（宾语）+ C（补语）
例句：We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。

有志者事竟成： Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

2-Be动词的形式和用法

Be动词的8种形式：
be, is, am, are, was, were, being, been
be是be动词原型，is/am/are是一般现在时时态，was/were是一般过去时时态（was使用在单数主语后，were使用在复数主语后），being是现在分词，been是过去分词

例句：
1、The man is back. is用于单数主语后
2、They are back. are用于复数主语后
3、He was back. was表示过去发生用于单数主语后
4、They were back. were表示过去发生用于复数主语后
5、They have been back. been过去分词，该句子是现在完成时代（have+动词过去分词）

Be动词的用法：
be动词后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或者短语作补足语，主要用于联系的作用，有时候可以翻译成：是，或无意义补充句子成分。

例句：
1、The man is a teacher.
2、Mary’s new dresses are colorful
3、My mother was in the kitchen.

Be动词的否定/提问/回答：
1、Be动词的否定
在 am/is/are/was/were 后面加 not. 缩写 am not, isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t.

例句：
1.The man isn’t back.
2.I am not back.
3.They aren’t back.
4.He wasn’t back.
5.They weren’t back

2、Be动词的否定提问/回答
be动词疑问句，be动词提前

例句：
-Is he a teacher? -Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
-Are you a teacher? -Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
-Were they teachers? -Yes, They were. / No, They weren’t.

3-代词的使用

代词代指人和物的单词

3.1-代词的主格和宾格

主格代词：I, he, she, you, it, we, they，主要用于做主语。

宾格代词：me, him, her, it, you, us, them，主要用于做宾语。

3.2-名词性/形容词性物主代词

1、形容词性物主代词

单数形式：my, your, his/her/its, one’s 我的，你的，他/她/它的，某人的

复数形式：our, your, their 我们的，你们的，他们的

形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性，修饰后面的名词，翻译成：…的，表示拥有某物的意思。

例句：
1）this is my book.
2）we love our motherland.
3）those are your socks.

2、名词性物主代词

单数形式：mine, yours, his/hers/its, one’s
复数形式：ours, yours, theirs

名词性物主代词，作为名词使用，后面不能再跟名词，翻译成：…的，表示某一类的意思。

例句：
1）the book is ours.
2）the apple is hers.

练习：
1）my teacher is Chinese.
2）this computer is theirs.
3）our book is on the book shelf.

3、代词表格

主格	宾格	形容词性物主代词	名词性物主代词
I	me	my	mine
He	him	his	his
She	her	her	hers
It	it	its	its
You	you	your	yours
We	us	our	ours
They	them	their	theirs

3.3-反身代词

单数形式：myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself 我自己，你自己，他/她/它自己
复数形式：yourselves, ourselves, themselves 你们自己，我们自己，他们自己

反身代词表示某人/物自己，单词后缀加 self / selves，通常作为句子中的宾语、主语或者名词同位语，翻译：…自己、…本身 。

使用例句：
1）Please help yourself to some fish. 随便吃些鱼。
2）We enjoyed ourselves last night. 我们昨晚玩的愉快。
3）The thing itself is not important. 这件事情本身不重要。

练习：
1）Take good care of ( yourself ). 照顾好你自己。
2）She gained control of ( herself ). 她控制住了她自己。

3.4-指示代词和不定代词

1、指示代词：
指示代词标识人或事物的代词，用来代替语句中上文前面提到过的名词。
常用的指示代词有： this (these), that (those)

例句：
1）This is his book.
2）Those apples were his.

2、不定代词：
不定代词指代不确定的人或事物。
常用的不定代词：one, the other, some, any, each, something, nothing

例句：
1）No one knows where he is.
2）Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai, but the others want to go to Xi’an.
3）Each of the students has got a book.

练习：
1）( These ) teachers are from China.
2）I know ( nothing ) about this person.
3）I have ( something ) to tell you.

4-实意动词的使用

4.1-实意动词的特征

常见的实意动词：come, read, go, watch, play, fly, say

例句：
1）He comes from Shenyang. 一般现在时，主语第三人称单数，实意动词使用单3形式
2）She is reading story books. 现在进行时，动词使用现在分词
3）They went to America yesterday. 一般过去时，动词使用过去分词
4）We have watched the game for three times. 现在完成时，动词使用过去式
5）My mother will fly back to China next month. 将来时

练习：
1）他昨天来上海了。 He came to Shanghai yesterday.
2）我们正在写作业。 We are writing homework.
3）他们读这本书已经读了3遍。 They have read this book three times.

1、实意动词指动作具有实在意义的动词。
2、动词有时态的变化和数量的变化。
3、单3形式：在一般现在时中，主语是第三人称单数，实意动词需要使用单3形式，实意动词的单3形式在动词后面加 s, es。
第三人称单数： 1、人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。2、单个人名、地名或称呼作[主语]，是第三人称单数。3、单数可数名词或"this/that/the+单数可数名词"作主语时，是第三人称单数。4、不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时，是第三人称单数。5、不可数名词作主语时，是第三人称单数。

4.2-实意动词的否定/提问回答

1、实意动词否定形式：
**使用助动词 do、does（用在主语是单3后）、did 后面加 not **

• do not / don’t
• does not / doesn’t
• did not / didn’t

第1、2人称使用do，第3人称单数用does，简单说：非单3使用do，单3使用does，过去时使用did。

例句：
1）I don’t go to school by bus.
2）She doesn’t watch TV everyday.
3）They didn’t swim last night.

2、实意动词语句提问和回答：
使用助动词 do、does（用在主语是单3后）、did 放到句首。

例句：
1）He often plays golf.
Does he often play golf?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

2）They go to school by bus.
Do they go to school by bus?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

3）Sam had breakfast yesterday.
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?
Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.

5-疑问词的使用

常见的疑问词：when, where, who, what, how

1、使用疑问词进行提问：

例句：使用疑问词对下面原句的3个部分进行提问。
He¹ bought three books² yesterday³.
1 2 3
1）Who bought three books yesterday? 对主语进行提问，主语是人使用who，并且按原来的语序排列。
2）What did he buy yesterday? 对宾语进行提问，原句没有助动词，添加助动词放到疑问词后，否则有助动词提前，后面的动词保持原型。
3）When did he buy three books? 对时间状语进行提问，也要使用助动词放到疑问词后，后面的动词保持原型。

其他的疑问词：how long（多长，时间）, how far（多远，距离）, how often（多久1次，频率），why

例句：
1）They have been in China for three years. 对时间状语提问，have/has提前
how long have they been in China?

2）It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an. 对距离的宾语提问，be动词提前到疑问词后
how far is it from Beijing to Xi’an?

3）They come to visit me once a week.
how often do they come to visit me?

练习：
1、他们学汉语多长时间了？ How long have they learned English?
2、你多久时间看一次电影？ How often do you watch movies?
3、你的家距离学校多远？ How far is it from your house to school?

6-名词

名词分为2类：

1. 可数名词（countable noun）：是指数的过来的概念，比如 apple, pencil, student.
2. 不可数名词（uncountable noun）：无法计算的数量或者抽象概念，salt, coffe, water, history, love.

可数名词有单数和复数：

• apple - apples
• pencil - pencils
• tomato - tomatoes

**不可数名词无复数，只有单数：**salt, coffe, water, history, love

可数名词变复数的规则：

1. 一般末尾加上后缀 -s。 例如 friend -> friends
2. 以 s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在末尾加上后缀 -es。例如 bus -> bues
3. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词，将 y 改为 i，再加 -es。例如 candy -> candies
4. 以 -o 结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，加 -es。 tomato - tomatoes, hippo(缩写) -hippos

英语中 26 个字母，有5个元音字母（a, e, i, o, u）,其余都是辅音字母。

可数名词前可加 a/an 或者量词：
apple - an apple - apples - a box of apples
tomato - a tomato - tomatoes - a bag of tomatoes

注意：元音字母开头的可数名词加 an，辅音字母开头的可数名词加 a 。

不可数名词前不可加 a/an，没有复数，但是可加量词：
coffee - a cup of coffee

练习：
1）一盒巧克力。 a box of chocolate.
2）一辆自行车。 a bike.

7-形容词

1、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等， 通常用在名词前，Be动词后。

• beautiful - the beautifl girl
• The girl is beautiful.

2、The + 形容词 = 复数名词，表示一类的意思，后面的动词使用复数形式。

• old - the old 这年老的一类人
• young - the young 这年轻的一类人
• The old need more care than the young.

练习：
1）She is a good student. 她是一个好学生。
2）This bike is expensive. 这辆自行车很贵。
3）The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。

8-副词

1、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及其他结构。
① He runs fast.
② She is very beautiful.
③ They work very hard.

**2、副词的位置：**1）根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后。2）形容词之前，其他副词之前或者之后。3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词之后。
① He speaks very fast.
② They have already left.
③ They have already been repaired.

3、常用的频度副词：always、usually、sometimes、never，通常放在一般动词前，be动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。
① They always come early.
② Sam often writes homework at 7:00.

练习：
1）Please write the word slowly.
2）They sometimes come here.
3）The tree is very tall.

9-不定量表达法

不定量表达法：不确定具体数量的修饰名词的量词。
常见不定量词1： some, any, most, every, all。

1、some, any 都表示 “一些” 的含义。some 主要用于肯定句，也可用于疑问句中，希望得到肯定回答时，any 主要用于否定和疑问句中。
① I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren’t any for me.

2、most 用作形容词时，表示“大部分、大多数的”，后面接复数名词。
① Most people here are from China.

3、every 表示“每一个，所有”，后面接单数名词。
① Every one likes the film.

4、all 表示“所有”，后面接可数名词复数，不可数名称单数。
① All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
② All the coffee is served on time.

练习：
1）Some boys went camping yesterday.
2）All the children like to play football.
3）Most teachers want to wok here

常见不定量词2： both, either, neither, many, much, a lot of/lots of, plenty of。

1、both 表示 “两者都”，可用作形容词、代词和副词，either 表示 “两者之一，任何一个”，neither 表示 “两者都不，没有任何一个”。
① Both his eyes were severely burned. 他的2只眼睛都被严重地烧伤了。
② There are trees on either side of the street. 在大街的任何一边有大树。
③ Neither answer is correct. 2个回答都不正确。

2、many 修饰可数名词，表示 “许多”。 much 修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”。a lot of/lost of, plenty of 也表示“许多”，均可修饰可数和不可数名词。
① many books, much water, a lot of/lots of water/books

练习：
1）Both the hands are washed.
2）Alex drank lots of coffee.

常见不定量词3：few。

1、a few 表示肯定含义**“几个”，few 表示否定含义“没几个，很少”**，两者均可修饰可数名词。
① A few books are put into the box.
② Few books are put into the box.

2、a little 表示肯定含义**“一点儿，小的”，little 表示否定含义“很少，小点”**，均可修饰不可数名称。
① There is a little water in the bottle.
② There is little water in the bottle.

3、none, no one 都表示**“一个也不，没人”**，区别是：none 可接of短语，动词可用单数或复数，no one 不能接of短语，动词只能使用单数。
① No one knows the answer.
② None of us have/has arrived.

10-There be 句型

1、There be 表示某人某物存在或某事发生，根据上下文，可以翻译成：“有，是”，Here be 翻译成：“这是，这里是”，be动词根据后面的名称有单复数变化。
① There is a book on the bookshelf. 在书架上有一本书。
② There are some books on the bookshelf. 在书架上有一些书。
③ Here is the bus stop. 这里是公交站。
④ Here are your books. 这是你的书。

练习：
1）There is a lot of water in the bottle.
2）Here is your car.
3）There are many students in the room.

11-时态：一般现在时和现在进行时

在英语中动词用法非常丰富，动词可以体现主语的数量，也可以体现动作的时间和状态。

1、一般现在时，表示通常、规律、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是单数第三人称时，动词有单3的变化，主语是非第三人称单数，动词原型。
① They often get up at 7:00.
② He often gets up at 7:00.

一般现在时，动词的单3变化：

1. 在动词尾直接加 -s，如：play – plays 。
2. 以字母 s、x、ch、o结尾的动词加 -es，如：guess – guesses 。
3. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词，先变 y 为 i，再加 -es，如study – studies 。

一般现在时，否定和疑问句时，使用 do，does 帮助构成语句：
① He doesn’t like the car.
② Does he like the car? -Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

2、现在进行时，由be+动词现在分词构成： be + doing，可翻译：“现在正在、现在一直在”，表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有时间副词呼应，比如 now 。
① They are watching TV.
② He is watching TV.
③ I am watching TV.

现在进行时，动词现在分词变化规则：

1. 一般情况下，动词后加 -ing，如：work – working 。
2. 动词以 -e 结尾，去掉 e 加 -ing，如：take – taking 。
3. 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母再加 -ing，如：cut --cutting 。
4. 以 -ie 结尾的动词，改 ie 变 y 再加 -ing，如：lie – lying

现在进行时，否定和疑问句时，将 be 动词否定或者提到句首：
① They aren’t watching TV.
Are they watching TV?
② He isn’t watching TV.
Is he watching TV?
③ Am I watching TV?

练习：
1）He works very late every day.
2）Do you study English yourself? -Yes, I do.
3）They are playing soccer now.

12-时态：一般过去时和过去进行时

1、一般过去时，表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态，过去习惯性、经常性的行为。动词要使用一般过去时形式（动词过去式）， 一般在动词后面加 -ed ，还有些动词的过去式有不规则的变化，如 paly – played，come – came。
① He worked very hard last night.
② They came here by car.

一般过去时，动词一般过去时形式变化规则：

1. 一般在动词后加 -ed，如：paly – played 。
2. 动词以 -e 结尾，只加 -d，如：like – liked 。
3. 以辅音字母+y结尾，改 y 为 i，再加 -ed，如：supply – supplied 。
4. 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾有1个辅音字母，要双写词尾字母再加 -ed，如：plan – planned 。

2、过去进行时，由be动词过去式+动词现在分词构成： was/were + doing，可翻译：“过去正在、过去一直在”，表示在过去某时刻或者一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
① They were waiting for you. 我过去一直在等你。
② He was talking with his friends just now. 刚才他一直在和他的朋友谈话。

练习：
1）They went swimming.
2）Sam was watching TV at 7:00 last night.

13-时态：将来时

1、一般将来时，表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或者将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。通常和将来时间状语连用，比如：tomorrow（明天），next week（下周），in the future（未来）。
一般将来时，使用助动词 will/shall + 动词原型，表示将来发生的事情。
① They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.
② We shall leave for Shanghai next month.

帮助构成将来时的第2种结构：“be going to +动词原型”，表示近期将要发生的动作或事情，翻译为：“将打算，将要”。
① They are going to play football this afternoon.
② She is going to learn French next year.

帮助构成将来时的第3种结构：“be doing（位置转移）”，其中用表示位置转移的动词，比如：go, come, leave, start, arrive ，使用现在进行时可表达出将来时的含义。
① They are leaving for Japan. 他们正要（将要）离开日本。
② She is arriving tomorrow. 她明天正要（将要）到达。

练习：
1）They are coming here soon.
2）Sam is going to learn Chinese next month.
3）Peter and Mike will finish the job tomorrow morning.

14-时态：完成时

1、现在完成时：have/has + 动词过去分词，表示动作过去发生并已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续，可使用的时间状语为：already（已经），yet（还、仍然）。
① They have already arrived in Shanghai.
② She has played soccer for 3 hours.
③ She hasn’t finished the work yet.

2、过去完成时：had + 动词过去分词，表示动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成的影响或后果。
① They had arrived in Shanghai.
② She had played soccer for 3 hours.
③ She hadn’t finished the work yet.

动词过去分词和过去式变化规则是一样的。

练习：
1）He has stopped the car outside.
2）She hasn’t been to Sichuan yet.
3）Had they planned to stay here?

15-动词的用法

动词根据功能，分为四类：

1. 实意动词（Notional Verb），具有实际意义的动词。
2. 系动词（Link Verb），起到联系作用。
3. 助动词（Auxiliary Verb），帮助构成句子成分。
4. 情态动词（Model Verb），后面接动词原型。

① 动词有数量和时态的变化，通常有3大时态：现在，过去，将来时。
② 根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时，进行时，完成时。
③ 使用动词时，通常将 ① 和 ② 结合，例如：一般现在时、一般进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时…

以下动词形态变化表格：

动词原型	单3	现在分词	过去式	过去分词
play	plays	playing	played	played
have	has	having	had	had
go	goes	going	went	gone

16-情态动词

情态动词，表示带有情态含义的动词，后面接动词原型，否定句时后面接not，疑问句时情态动词提前。

1、情态动词：can, could, may, might
（1）can / could 表示能力，可用 be able to 代替，翻译成：“可以，能，会”，表示请求和允许含义，could表示过去的能力。
① He can/could/is able to swim. 他能游泳。
② He can/could come tomorrow. 他明天能来。
③ Can/Could I stay here? 我可以待在这？

（2）may / might 表示可能性，翻译成：“可能，可以，也许”，may的可能性大，表示请求、允许，might 更委婉。
① He may/might come here by bus. 他可能坐公交来这。
② -May/might I join you? 我可以加入你？
-Yes, please. / No, you can’t. / No, you mustn’t. 可以 / 不可以 / 禁止不准

练习：
1）She could speak French before, but now she can’t.
2）- Might I come in? -Yes, please.

2、情态动词：should, ought to, must, have to
（1）must / have to 表示**“必须、一定要”**，must 表示主观上的必须要做，而 have to 则表示客观上的。
have to 有时态和数量的变化，have/has/had to。
must / have to 两者在否定句上的含义也不相同，比如： You mustn’t go. 你不准去。 You don’t have to go. 你不必去。
① You must get up early.
② It’s going to rain, I have to go home now.

（2）should/ ought to 表示**“应该”**，含有建议、劝告的意思，should 强调主观看法，而 ought to 强调客观要求。疑问句中，通常使用 should。
① You should/ought to do the job right now.
② Should they stay here now?

练习：
1）I must/have to go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.
2）You should work harder than that.

3、情态动词：need, don’t have to
（1）need 表示**“需要”**，可做情态动词和实意动词，做实意动词，有单3和时态的变化，后面可加带to的定式。
做情态动词：need + 动词原型
① He need come here early.
② He needn’t come here early.
③ Need he come here early? -Yes, he need. / No, he needn’t.

做实意动词：need + to 不定式
① He needs to come here early.
② He doesn’t need to come here early.
③ Does he need to come here early? -Yes, he does, / No, he doesn’t.

（2）needn’t, don’t have to 表示：“不需要，不必”，是must/have to的提问时的否定回答方式。
① -Must I come here early tomorrow? -No, you needn’t/don’t have to

练习：
1）You needn’t/don’t have to do it again.
2）He needn’t/doesn’t have to worry about it.
3）Does he need to do homework first?

4、情态动词：had better, would rather
（1）had better 表示**“最好做某事”，后面接动词原型。
① He had better eat more.
② You’d better** finish it right now.

（2）would rather 表示**“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是…为好**。
① You would rather deal with it.

（3）否定形式：had better not，would rather not，后面接动词原型。
① He had better not eat more.
② You would rather not deal with it now.

5、情态动词：used to, would
（1）used to, would 表示过去习惯性动作，可以翻译成：“过去常常…做某事”，used to 指过去的状态或情况，would 表示过去反复发生的动作，如果不是反复发生就应该用used to；used to表示过去的状态或情况到现在已经结束了，would表示有可能再发生。
1）The novel used to be popular.
2）He would practise English.
3）I used to live in Beijing.
4）People used to believe that the earth was flat.
5）He would go to the park as soon as he was free.

练习：
1）The window used to be open. 表示窗户过去打开，到现在结束了，后面也不会打开
2）They would gather together every week. 表示过去经常聚会在一起，将来可能还会
3）Sam used to play golf, but he doesn’t now. 表示过去打高尔夫现在不打了

6、情态动词否定和提问
（1）情态动词否定：情态动词 + not +动词原型。
① He can’t sing an English song
② He may not konw her. 他可能不认识她。
③ He mustn’t go here. 他不能去这里。
④ He doesn’t have to go there.

（2）情态动词提问：情态动词 + 主语 +动词原型，句子中情态动词放到句首。
① Can he sing an English song? -Yes, he can. / No, he can’t.
② Must he go there? -Yes, he must. / No, he needn’t.
③ Does he have to go there? -Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

7、情态动词完成时形式：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词
（1）情态动词 + have + p.p.，表达过去的发生事实，表示推测的含义（should除外）。
① He can/could have arrived. 他可能已经到达了。语感中
② He may/might have arrived. 他可能已经到达了。语感弱，不确定
③ He must have arrived. 他肯定已经到达了。语感强

（2）should + have +p.p. ：“本应该…”，表示对过去的事情不该做某事，但是已经做了；needn’t + have +p.p. ：“本不需要…”，表示不需要做某事。
① He should have arrived. 他本应该到达，但是没到。
② They should have finished the work. 他们本应该完成这个作业，但是没有。
③ You needn’t have done so. 你不需要这样，但是已经做了。

（3）must + have +p.p. ：“准是已经…”，表示对过去事实肯定猜测做了某事，can’t + have +p.p. ：“不可能已经…”，表示对过去事实否定猜测没有做某事。
练习：
1）He can（可能）have arrived.
2）He must（准是）have arrived.
3）You needn’t（本不需要）have done so.
4）They shoud（本应该）have finished the work.
5）He can’t（不可能） have arrived.

17-被动语态

1、被动语态构成和含义

如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态作谓语。

被动语态的构成：be + p.p. … by sb.
① He is taken to America by his mother. 他被妈妈带到美国。

被动语态的各种时态：
① The information is needed by us. 一般现在时
② The book was being read by him. 过去进行时
③ The computer has been used by her. 现在完成时
④ The room will be cleaned. 将来时
⑤ The computer could have been used by they. 情态动词完成时

2、被动语态和情态动词结合的形式：
① The food could be taken away. 食物能够被带走。
② The food might be taken away. 食物可以被带走。
③ The food must be taken away. 食物必须被带走。
④ The food should be taken away. 食物应该被带走。
⑤ The food needs taking away. 食物需要被带走。
⑥ The food had better be taken away. 食物最好被带走。
⑦ Books used to be returned in two days. 书过去常常被2天内返回。

3、被动语态中 “by+行为者” 可以省略：
① The information is needed.
② The book is being read.
③ The door was opened.

4、被动语态的疑问句形式

（1）一般疑问句形式：助动词 + 主语 + (其他助动词) + 动词过去分词 ~
① Is the information needed by him? -Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
② Has the computer been used by her? -yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
③ Will the room be cleaned? -Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.

（2）特殊疑问句形式：疑问词 + 助动词 + (其他助动词) + 动词过去分词 ~
① The information is needed by them. What is needed by them?
② The girl is taken to Shanghai. Where is the girl taken?
③ The book has been read three times. How many times has the book been read?

练习：
1）Is the book being read by her?
2）Has the computer been used by them?
3）How often is the English class taken?

18-非谓语动词

1、非谓语动词：不做谓语的动词或者动词词组，非谓语动词有2种结构：to+do(动词原型) 和 doing（动词原型+ing）。
2、非谓语动词不定式通常可以作主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语和状语。
3、非谓语动词动名词作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
4、be动词后的不定式或动名词通常做表语。
5、不定式或动名词不定式否定形式是：在不定式或动名词前加 not 否定。

18.1-动词不定式 to+do

1、动词不定式：to+do(动词原型) ，可以作主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语和状语，可以翻译：“ 来…这件事，对…，是…”。
① 作主语： To get there by bike will take us an hour. 通过自行车到那这件事将花我们1小时。
② 作宾语： The driver failed to see the car in time. 这个司机失败了，对及时来看这小轿车这件事。
③ 作宾补： We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
④ 作定语： The next train to arrive is from Seoul. 下一辆将到达的火车来自首尔。
⑤ 作表语： My suggestion is to put off the meeting. 我的建议是推迟这会议。
⑥ 作状语： I come here only to say goodbye to you. 我来这只是来和你告别。在句中作目的状语

2、to 不定式作目的状语，比如：in order to + v ，so as to + v 表示目的是…，当否定形式：分别在to前面加 not。
① I have writen it down in order to remember it. 我已经写下它目的是为了记住它。
② He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 他大喊并挥手目的是为了引起注意。
③ I have writen it down in order not to forget it. 我已经写下它为了不忘记它
④ He said nothing so as not to be noticed. 他没有说任何事为了不引起主语

18.2-动名词 doing

1、动名词： doing（动词原型+ing），顾名思义用作名词使用，动名词具有动词的特征和变化形式，但是在句中的用法和功能类同名词，可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语，可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。
① 作主语： Reading is an art. 阅读是一门艺术。
② 作宾语： They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，从不定下来谈话。
④ 作表语： Your task is quickly cleaning the windows. 你的任务是快速地打扫窗户。
⑤ 作定语： This is a reading room. 这是个阅读的房间。

练习：
1）To finish the work will take an hour.
2）I come here to say goodbye to you.
3）Talking is an art.

18.3-形式主语/宾语 it

1、形式主语 it：动词不定式和动名词可以在主语位置上，但是这种会导致主语太长，所以在句子中一般使用 it 来代替它们作形式主语，真正的主语一般在最后，这种情况 it 就叫形式主语（假主语）。
① It’s a great honor to be invited. 被邀请是一个非常大的荣幸。
② It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶洒了，哭也没用。

2、在宾语的位置上，用 it 代替它作形式宾语，这种情况 it 叫形式宾语（假宾语）。
① We think it important to learn English.
② I found it pleasant walking in the park.

**3、对动词不定式或动名词进行否定时，在不定式或动名词前加 not 否定。 **
① He pretended not to see her. 他假装没有看见她。
② He regrets not joining them. 他遗憾没有加入他们。

18.4-不定式和动名词的固定结构

1、too ~ to…：太…以至于不能…。
The room is too small to live. 这房间太小以至于不能居住。

2、enough + n + to + v/ adj enough to +v ：足够…可以…，。
① There is enough food to eat. 有足够的食物可以吃。
② The box is big enough to contain six apples. 这盒子足够大可以容纳6个苹果。

3、On doing：一…就…，在句子中作状语。
On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened. 一看到这蛇，这个女孩是非常害怕的

4、there is no hope of doing ：没有希望做…。
there is no hope of seeing him.

5、feel like doing ： 想要做某事
I feel like eating ice cream.

6、have a hard time doing ：做 … 艰难
They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.

18.5-现在分词/过去分词/分词句

1、现在分词和动名词都是：v + ing，但是有区分，现在分词用在进行时中做谓语。
① Writing books is his job. 写书是他的工作。 动词是动名词作主语
② He is writing a book. 他正在写一本书。 动词是现在分词作谓语

2、过去分词：p.p.，用于完成时和被动语态中。
① He has written the homework.
② The homework is written.

3、分词句，包含现在分词和过去分词的分句，现在分词表示动作进行中，过去分词表示动作完成了。
① The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
② Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.

练习：
1）He likes drinking coffee. 她喜欢喝咖啡。 drinking动名词作宾语，也可以用to drink
2）The door was locked. 门被锁了。 一般过去时被动语态
3）Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 被给予更好的注意，这个植物可以长得更好。 分句中动词使用过去分词

19-原型不定式

原型不定式有使役动词和感官动词

19.1-使役动词

1、have, make, let 作使役动词，表示“使…、让…”，构成形式：have/make/let + 宾语 + v 。
① He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。
② I let him go. 我让他走。
③ Please have him come here. 请让他来这。

2、get, help 作使役动词，get的使役动词句为：get + 宾语 + to + v ， help的使役动词句为：help + 宾语 + (to) + v 。
① I can’t get anyone to do the work properly. 我不能找到人来做好这个工作。
② I helped him repair the car. 我帮助他修理这车。

3、使役动词+宾语+过去分词，表示：使/让某人/物被别人…
① I must get my hair cut. 我必须让我的头发被别人剪。
② He couldn’t make himself heard. 他不能让他自己被别人听到。
③ Can you get the work finished in time? 你能让这工作被别人及时完成？

19.2-感官动词

1、感官动词：see, watch, observe, notice, hear, smell, taste, feel + 宾语 + 动词原形/现在分词/过去分词。
1，+ 动词原型，表示动作的真实性。2，+ 现在分词，表示动作的连续性、进行中。3，+ 过去分词，表示被动含义。
① I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
② I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
③ John saw the man knocked down by the car. 约翰看到这男人被车撞倒了。

练习：
1）I watched a dog running in the garden yesterday.
2）I heard Sam sent to the hospital. 我听说山姆被送到医院了。

20-if 从句

1、if 从句又称条件状语从句，通常表示：“如果…”，if 引导的条件状语从句来修饰主句发生的条件，可以放在句首（后面接主句要逗号隔开）或句尾（前面接主句不需要逗号隔开），if 从句为一般现在时，主句使用一般将来时。
① If you get up early, you will catch up with the train. 如果你早点起床，你将赶上火车。
② If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你询问他，他将帮助你。
③ She will be upset if you fail the exam. 如果考试失败，她将变得沮丧的。

2、if 从句与现在事实相反，if 从句使用一般过去时，主句使用情态动词：would/could/should/might + 动词原型。
① If I were you, I would join them. 如果我是你，我会加入他们。
② She would come with you if you invited her. 如果你邀请她，她会和你来。

练习：
1）If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
2）If I had any money with me, I would lend you some.
3）If I were you, I would take an umbrella.

3、if 从句与过去事实相反，if 从句使用过去完成时：had + 动词过去分词，主句使用情态动词+现在完成时：would/could/should/might + have + 动词过去分词。
① If I had got there earlier, I should have met her.
② If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

练习：
1）If he had studied harder, he might have passed the exam.
2）If there had been a heavy snow, we should not have gone skating.
3）If I had got there earlier, I would have met her.

4、wish/as if + 过去时/过去完成时，wish翻译为：“希望…就好了”，as if翻译为：“看起来好像…”，后面从句时态变化如下。
（1）wish后面的从句，表示不可能实现的假设/愿望。
a. wish后面的从句，与现在的事实相反，使用一般过去时。
I wish I were as tall as you.
b. 与过去的事实相反，使用过去完成时。
He wished he hadn’t said that.
c. 将来不太可能实现的愿望，使用情态动词（would/shoud/could）+动词原形。
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
（2）as if，翻译为：看起来好像…，从句的时态使用方式和wish一致。
① You look as if you didn’t care.
② He talks about Roma as if he had been there before.
③ He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

21-定语从句

定语从句：用来修饰限定名词或代词的从句，用于做定语，这个从句需要使用关系代词/关系副词来连接被修饰的名词或代词。

定语从句：在句中作定语，修饰限定一个名词或代词，被修辞的名词叫先行词，其后的从句就是定语从句，由关系代词/关系副词引出。

1、关系代词：代替先行词，连接先行词和从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、宾补。
常用关系代词：that, who, which, whom, whose 。
① The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin. 关系代词做宾语

先行词是人，关系代词用：that, who, whom, whose 来引导定语从句，whom在从句中作宾语，who 和 that 在从句中可作主语/宾语，whose 在从句中作属格。
① They are the people that/who were seen yesterday.
② They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
③ They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.

先行词是动物/事物，关系代词用：that, which, whose 来引导定语从句，which 和 that 在从句中可作主语/宾语，作宾语可省了，whose 在从句中作属格。
① He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten.
② He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
③ This is the chair whose legs were broken.

2、关系副词，连接先行词和从句， 常用关系副词：when, where, why 。
why：修饰表示原因的名词（eg. the reason），when：修饰表示时间的名词（eg. next week），where：修饰表示地点的名词（eg. the place）。
① We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.
② We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
③ We don’t know the place where he lives.

22-宾语从句

宾语从句：在句中作宾语作用的从句，需要连词来连接从句和前面的成分。
连词有，从属连词：that, if, whether ，连接代词：who, whom, whose, what ，连接副词：when, where, why, how
① He told me that he would go to college the next year.

1、从属连词：that, if, whether ，that不做从句成分时可以省略
① He said that he was there yesterday
② He doesn’t know if/whether he was there.

2、连接代词：who, whom, whose, what
① Do you know who has won the game?
② Do you know whom he likes?
③ Do you know whose book it is?
④ Do you know what he is looking at?

3、连接副词：when, where, why, how
① He wants to know when the party is.
② He wants to know where the party is.
③ He wants to know why they have a party.
④ He wants to know how they come.

23-比较级&最高级

1、形容词、副词变比较级和最高级规则：

1. 后面加 -er, -est ，比如：hard – harder – the hardest 。
2. 词尾是不发音的单音节e时，加 -r ，比如：nice – nicer – the nicest 。
3. 词尾是辅音 + y的双音节时，改 y 为 i 加 -ier ，比如：dry – drier – the driest 。
4. 以1个辅音结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后1个字母，如：hot – hotter – the hottest 。
5. 多音节和双音节，在形容词、副词前面加 more, the most, less, the least
   interesting – more/less interesting – the most/least interesting
6. 不规则变化：good – better – the best, many – more – the most

练习：
1）high – higher – the highest
2）late – later – the latest
3）heavy – heavier – the heaviest
4）thin – thinner – the thinnest
5）famous – more famous – the most famous
6）little – less – the least

2、比较级的使用，在句子中使用 than，表示：“比…”。
① He is taller than his brother.
② The books is more expensive than the pen.
③ Her English is better than this.

2、最高级的使用，在句子中表示：“最…”。
① He is the tallest in his class.
② The book is the most expensive of the three.
③ Her English is the best among the three.

练习：
1）The girl is clever than the boy.
2）The computer is the most expensive among the three.
3）The man is healthier than his wife.

比较级和最高级的使用区别：在2个中比较用比较级，在3个或3个以上比较使用最高级。