设计模式--观察者模式

观察者模式

观察者模式定义了对象之间的一对多依赖，这样一来，当一个对象改变状态时，它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。进一步说观察者模式相当于是主题+订阅两种模式的结合。当主题里的数据发生了改变就会自动通知所有订阅者去改变。

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一、什么是观察者模式

如图：可以看出观察者模式的处理过程，通过建立主题对象，然后建立观察者对象去订阅，当主题对数据发生改变时就会通知所有订阅者对象。这样的好处时当我们需要新增一个订阅者时无需修改原来的代码 ，只需新增订阅者即可，从而也遵守了OCP原则，并且使对象之前松耦合。

二、举例说明

1.这里以天气站为例，需实现的需求如下：

1. 气象站每天将测量到的天气的状况如温度、湿度、气压等以公告的方式发布到布告板中。
2. 支持多种布告板可以接收
3. 当数据更新后所有布告板能够自动更新最新数据
4. 提供温度、湿度、气压接口

设计图如下：

代码如下：

新建主题接口

public interface Subject {
	public void registerObserver(Observer o);
	public void removeObserver(Observer o);
	public void notifyObservers();
}

建立观察者接口

public interface Observer {
	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}

建立显示面板接口

public interface DisplayElement {
	public void display();
}

建立核心类天气数据类

public class WeatherData implements Subject {
	private List<Observer> observers;
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private float pressure;
	
	public WeatherData() {
		observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
	}
	
	public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
		observers.add(o);
	}
	
	public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
		observers.remove(o);
	}
	
	public void notifyObservers() {
		for (Observer observer : observers) {
			observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
		}
	}
	
	public void measurementsChanged() {
		notifyObservers();
	}
	
	public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
		this.temperature = temperature;
		this.humidity = humidity;
		this.pressure = pressure;
		measurementsChanged();
	}

	public float getTemperature() {
		return temperature;
	}
	
	public float getHumidity() {
		return humidity;
	}
	
	public float getPressure() {
		return pressure;
	}

}

建立不同面板接口

public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
	private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
	private float minTemp = 200;
	private float tempSum= 0.0f;
	private int numReadings;
	private WeatherData weatherData;

	public StatisticsDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
		this.weatherData = weatherData;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}

	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
		tempSum += temp;
		numReadings++;

		if (temp > maxTemp) {
			maxTemp = temp;
		}
 
		if (temp < minTemp) {
			minTemp = temp;
		}

		display();
	}

	public void display() {
		System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
			+ "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
	}
}

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private WeatherData weatherData;
	
	public CurrentConditionsDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
		this.weatherData = weatherData;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
		this.temperature = temperature;
		this.humidity = humidity;
		display();
	}
	
	public void display() {
		System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature 
			+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
	}
}

public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
	private float currentPressure = 29.92f;  
	private float lastPressure;
	private WeatherData weatherData;

	public ForecastDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
		this.weatherData = weatherData;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}

	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
        lastPressure = currentPressure;
		currentPressure = pressure;

		display();
	}

	public void display() {
		System.out.print("Forecast: ");
		if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
			System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
		} else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
			System.out.println("More of the same");
		} else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
			System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
		}
	}
}

建立测试类

public class WeatherStation {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
	
		CurrentConditionsDisplay currentDisplay = 
			new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
		StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
		ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);

		weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
		weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
		weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
		
		weatherData.removeObserver(forecastDisplay);
		weatherData.setMeasurements(62, 90, 28.1f);
	}
}

运行可现显示结果

总结

1. 观察者模式会以集合的方式去管理观察者的注册与删除、通知
2. 我们新增以个布告板，无需修改核心类WeatherData，做到了类之间的松耦合。

引用： 本篇博客参考了HeadFrist设计模式中的观察者篇