Elasticsearch match和term查询的区别

区别

match
全文搜索, 通常用于对text类型字段的查询,会对进行查询的文本先进行分词操作,如下图

term
精确查询,通常用于对keyword和有精确值的字段进行查询,不会对进行查询的文本进行分词操作,精确匹配,如下图

实例说明

1. 新建索引
2. 添加数据
3. 测试分词效果
4. 测试match查询
5. 测试term查询

新建索引
添加一个text类型的字段,使用ik_max_word分析器

PUT /testquery
{
  "mappings": {
    "books":{
      "properties": { 
        "bookName":{
          "type":"text",
          "analyzer": "ik_max_word"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

添加数据

POST /testquery/books
{
  "bookName":"Java编程思想"
}

测试分词效果

GET /_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": ["Java编程思想"]
}

结果

{
  "tokens": [
    {
      "token": "java",
      "start_offset": 0,
      "end_offset": 4,
      "type": "ENGLISH",
      "position": 0
    },
    {
      "token": "编程",
      "start_offset": 4,
      "end_offset": 6,
      "type": "CN_WORD",
      "position": 1
    },
    {
      "token": "思想",
      "start_offset": 6,
      "end_offset": 8,
      "type": "CN_WORD",
      "position": 2
    }
  ]
}

所以,Java编程思想 实际分词效果如下

测试match查询,进行分词操作
查询 Java

先看看 Java 的分词效果

GET /_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": ["Java"]
}

{
  "tokens": [
    {
      "token": "java",
      "start_offset": 0,
      "end_offset": 4,
      "type": "ENGLISH",
      "position": 0
    }
  ]
}

存在, 所以是可以查询到的

POST /testquery/books/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "bookName": "Java"
    }
  }
}

{
  "took": 60,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0.2876821,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "testquery",
        "_type": "books",
        "_id": "vYOz-msB_TzP5bFY5JlL",
        "_score": 0.2876821,
        "_source": {
          "bookName": "Java编程思想"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

查询 Java思想
查看分词效果

GET /_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": ["Java思想"]
}

{
  "tokens": [
    {
      "token": "java",
      "start_offset": 0,
      "end_offset": 4,
      "type": "ENGLISH",
      "position": 0
    },
    {
      "token": "思想",
      "start_offset": 4,
      "end_offset": 6,
      "type": "CN_WORD",
      "position": 1
    }
  ]
}

存在, 所以也是可以查询到的

POST /testquery/books/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "bookName": "Java思想"
    }
  }
}

{
  "took": 2,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0.5753642,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "testquery",
        "_type": "books",
        "_id": "vYOz-msB_TzP5bFY5JlL",
        "_score": 0.5753642,
        "_source": {
          "bookName": "Java编程思想"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

测试term查询, 不进行分词操作
查询 java
查看上面的分词结果, java是在分词结果中的,所以可以查询到

POST /testquery/books/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "bookName": "java"
    }
  }
}

{
  "took": 7,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0.2876821,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "testquery",
        "_type": "books",
        "_id": "vYOz-msB_TzP5bFY5JlL",
        "_score": 0.2876821,
        "_source": {
          "bookName": "Java编程思想"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

查询 Java
Java不在上面的分词结果中, 结果当然就查询不到

POST /testquery/books/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "bookName": "Java"
    }
  }
}

{
  "took": 0,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 0,
    "max_score": null,
    "hits": []
  }
}