Java（9）：MVC框架基础：Servlet+Jsp+javabean（1）

日期：2017/11/10

      自学Java一个月了，这段经历给我的感受是：确保每天进步一点点；前三个星期是领悟--通过持续不断的练习，熟练掌握面向对象的编程；后面的时间则是冲击流行框架（spring/springMVC/Mybatis/Hibernate/structs等等）的掌握，力求做出成品，现在熟悉了MVC（Servlet+JSP+JavaBean）开发的小Demo后，果然还是功力稍显嫩。

      保持脚踏实地、实事求是，现在对学会的作下总结：

一、Servlet

A servlet is a small Java program that runs within a Web server. Servlets receive and respond to requests from Web clients, usually across HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol.

     一段运行在服务器（Tomcat）的程序，它是java代码，常用的继承类是HttpServlet，类的方法见下列表，但最常用的方法是doGet()和doPost()：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
protected void	doDelete(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a DELETE request.
protected void	doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a GET request.
protected void	doHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Receives an HTTP HEAD request from the protected  service method and handles the request.
protected void	doOptions(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a OPTIONS request.
protected void	doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a POST request.
protected void	doPut(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a PUT request.
protected void	doTrace(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Called by the server (via the  service method) to allow a servlet to handle a TRACE request.
protected long	getLastModified(HttpServletRequest req) Returns the time the  HttpServletRequest object was last modified, in milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.
protected void	service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) Receives standard HTTP requests from the public  service method and dispatches them to the  do XXX methods defined in this class.
void	service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) Dispatches client requests to the protected  service method.

      仔细观察可以发现，这些方法共同的地方是引用了两个参数：HttpServletRequest req，HttpServletResponse resp。而service()是一个处理请求分发的方法，分配给doGet和DoPost。

Parameters:

req - an  HttpServletRequest object that contains the request the client has made of the servlet

resp - an  HttpServletResponse object that contains the response the servlet sends to the clientreq 是一个 HttpServletRequest 对象，代表了客户端的请求信息；

resp 是一个 HttpServletResponse 对象，代表了服务端的响应信息；

 HttpServletRequest 

Extends the ServletRequest interface to provide request information for HTTP servlets.

The servlet container creates an HttpServletRequest object and passes it as an argument to the servlet's service methods (doGet, doPost, etc).

     它是一个接口（interface），继承了另一个父接口--ServletRequest ， HttpServletRequest 有一大批实现了的常用的方法：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
boolean	authenticate(HttpServletResponse response) Use the container login mechanism configured for the  ServletContext to authenticate the user making this request.
String	changeSessionId() Change the session id of the current session associated with this request and return the new session id.
String	getAuthType() Returns the name of the authentication scheme used to protect the servlet.
String	getContextPath() Returns the portion of the request URI that indicates the context of the request.
Cookie[]	getCookies() Returns an array containing all of the  Cookie objects the client sent with this request.
long	getDateHeader(String name) Returns the value of the specified request header as a  long value that represents a  Date object.
String	getHeader(String name) Returns the value of the specified request header as a  String.
Enumeration<String>	getHeaderNames() Returns an enumeration of all the header names this request contains.
Enumeration<String>	getHeaders(String name) Returns all the values of the specified request header as an  Enumeration of  String objects.
default HttpServletMapping	getHttpServletMapping() Return the  HttpServletMapping by which the  HttpServlet for this  HttpServletRequest was invoked.
int	getIntHeader(String name) Returns the value of the specified request header as an  int.
String	getMethod() Returns the name of the HTTP method with which this request was made, for example, GET, POST, or PUT.
Part	getPart(String name) Gets the  Part with the given name.
Collection<Part>	getParts() Gets all the  Part components of this request, provided that it is of type  multipart/form-data.
String	getPathInfo() Returns any extra path information associated with the URL the client sent when it made this request.
String	getPathTranslated() Returns any extra path information after the servlet name but before the query string, and translates it to a real path.
String	getQueryString() Returns the query string that is contained in the request URL after the path.
String	getRemoteUser() Returns the login of the user making this request, if the user has been authenticated, or  null if the user has not been authenticated.
String	getRequestedSessionId() Returns the session ID specified by the client.
String	getRequestURI() Returns the part of this request's URL from the protocol name up to the query string in the first line of the HTTP request.
StringBuffer	getRequestURL() Reconstructs the URL the client used to make the request.
String	getServletPath() Returns the part of this request's URL that calls the servlet.
HttpSession	getSession() Returns the current session associated with this request, or if the request does not have a session, creates one.
HttpSession	getSession(boolean create) Returns the current  HttpSession associated with this request or, if there is no current session and  create is true, returns a new session.
default Map<String,String>	getTrailerFields() Get the request trailer fields.
Principal	getUserPrincipal() Returns a  java.security.Principal object containing the name of the current authenticated user.
boolean	isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie() Checks whether the requested session ID was conveyed to the server as an HTTP cookie.
boolean	isRequestedSessionIdFromUrl() Deprecated.  As of Version 2.1 of the Java Servlet API, use isRequestedSessionIdFromURL() instead.
boolean	isRequestedSessionIdFromURL() Checks whether the requested session ID was conveyed to the server as part of the request URL.
boolean	isRequestedSessionIdValid() Checks whether the requested session ID is still valid.
default boolean	isTrailerFieldsReady() Return a boolean indicating whether trailer fields are ready to read using  getTrailerFields().
boolean	isUserInRole(String role) Returns a boolean indicating whether the authenticated user is included in the specified logical "role".
void	login(String username, String password) Validate the provided username and password in the password validation realm used by the web container login mechanism configured for the ServletContext.
void	logout() Establish  null as the value returned when  getUserPrincipal,  getRemoteUser, and  getAuthType is called on the request.
default PushBuilder	newPushBuilder() Instantiates a new instance of  PushBuilder for issuing server push responses from the current request.
<T extends HttpUpgradeHandler> T	upgrade(Class<T> handlerClass) Creates an instance of  HttpUpgradeHandler for a given class and uses it for the http protocol upgrade processing.

同理，HttpServletRequest也是一样：

Extends the ServletResponse interface to provide HTTP-specific functionality in sending a response. For example, it has methods to access HTTP headers and cookies.

The servlet container creates an HttpServletResponse object and passes it as an argument to the servlet's service methods (doGet, doPost, etc).

常用的方法有：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
void	addCookie(Cookie cookie) Adds the specified cookie to the response.
void	addDateHeader(String name, long date) Adds a response header with the given name and date-value.
void	addHeader(String name, String value) Adds a response header with the given name and value.
void	addIntHeader(String name, int value) Adds a response header with the given name and integer value.
boolean	containsHeader(String name) Returns a boolean indicating whether the named response header has already been set.
String	encodeRedirectUrl(String url) Deprecated.  As of version 2.1, use encodeRedirectURL(String url) instead
String	encodeRedirectURL(String url) Encodes the specified URL for use in the  sendRedirect method or, if encoding is not needed, returns the URL unchanged.
String	encodeUrl(String url) Deprecated.  As of version 2.1, use encodeURL(String url) instead
String	encodeURL(String url) Encodes the specified URL by including the session ID, or, if encoding is not needed, returns the URL unchanged.
String	getHeader(String name) Gets the value of the response header with the given name.
Collection<String>	getHeaderNames() Gets the names of the headers of this response.
Collection<String>	getHeaders(String name) Gets the values of the response header with the given name.
int	getStatus() Gets the current status code of this response.
default Supplier<Map<String,String>>	getTrailerFields() Gets the supplier of trailer headers.
void	sendError(int sc) Sends an error response to the client using the specified status code and clears the buffer.
void	sendError(int sc, String msg) Sends an error response to the client using the specified status and clears the buffer.
void	sendRedirect(String location) Sends a temporary redirect response to the client using the specified redirect location URL and clears the buffer.
void	setDateHeader(String name, long date) Sets a response header with the given name and date-value.
void	setHeader(String name, String value) Sets a response header with the given name and value.
void	setIntHeader(String name, int value) Sets a response header with the given name and integer value.
void	setStatus(int sc) Sets the status code for this response.
void	setStatus(int sc, String sm) Deprecated.  As of version 2.1, due to ambiguous meaning of the message parameter. To set a status code use setStatus(int), to send an error with a description use sendError(int, String). Sets the status code and message for this response.
default void	setTrailerFields(Supplier<Map<String,String>> supplier) Sets the supplier of trailer headers.

二、JSP

     java server page，动态技术标准，嵌入了java的html文件，引入目的：负责用户的html显示，实现"业务逻辑"和“视图实现”的分离。本质还是一个servlet，因为它不是被客户端直接的调用，而是 先翻译成 .java 文件，编译成 .class 文件而执行。

三、JavaBean

     java bean是可复用组件（说明白了，就是将复用性强的java代码封装在一个类文件中）。对比 EJB，主要用在客户端的开发，只能在开发阶段定制，也不是什么分布式对象，只能在web-app内部被访问。

待续...