单例模式介绍
单例模式主要有2中形式,一种是饿汉式,一种是懒汉式。
饿汉式:程序一加载单例模式就已经创建了,也就很饥饿嘛。因为是静态属性进行单例初始化,所以优点是线程是安全的,缺点是无论用户是否使用单例对象都会创建单例对象。
懒汉式:当用户使用单例对象时,才去创建单例对象,所以很懒惰嘛。优点是用户不使用就不会创建对象,缺点是 当遇到多线程是,是线程不安全的,但是我们可以使用加强版的也就是线程安全的懒汉式,下面我们会进行讲解。
饿汉式和懒汉式代码
代码展示
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Singleton_Hungry
{
private:
Singleton_Hungry()
{
cout << "我是饿汉式,在程序加载时,我就已经存在了。" << endl;
}
static Singleton_Hungry* singleton;
public:
static Singleton_Hungry* getInstace()
{
return singleton;
}
};
//静态属性类外初始化
Singleton_Hungry* Singleton_Hungry::singleton = new Singleton_Hungry;
class Singleton_Lazy
{
private:
Singleton_Lazy()
{
cout << "我是懒汉式,在别人需要我的时候,我才现身。" << endl;
}
static Singleton_Lazy* singleton;
public:
static Singleton_Lazy* getInstance()
{
if (NULL == singleton)
{
singleton = new Singleton_Lazy;
}
return singleton;
}
};
Singleton_Lazy* Singleton_Lazy::singleton = NULL;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Singleton_Hungry *hungry1 = Singleton_Hungry::getInstace();
Singleton_Hungry *hungry2 = Singleton_Hungry::getInstace();
cout << "hungry1地址:" << hungry1 << ",hungry2地址:" << hungry2 << endl;
Singleton_Lazy *lazy1 = Singleton_Lazy::getInstance();
Singleton_Lazy *lazy2 = Singleton_Lazy::getInstance();
cout << "lazy1地址:" << lazy1 << ",lazy2地址:" << lazy1 << endl;
return 0;
}
运行结果
懒汉式遇到多线程
由于懒汉式在用户需要是才进行单例对象的创建,如果遇到多线程容易发生内存泄漏,我们可以用c++中的线程互斥对象mutex来进行加强。多线程用thread类进模拟。
代码展示
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;
mutex mu;//线程互斥对象
class Singleton_Hungry
{
private:
Singleton_Hungry()
{
cout << "我是饿汉式,在程序加载时,我就已经存在了。" << endl;
}
static Singleton_Hungry* singleton;
public:
static Singleton_Hungry* getInstace()
{
return singleton;
}
};
//静态属性类外初始化
Singleton_Hungry* Singleton_Hungry::singleton = new Singleton_Hungry;
class Singleton_Lazy
{
private:
Singleton_Lazy()
{
cout << "我是懒汉式,在别人需要我的时候,我才现身。" << endl;
}
static Singleton_Lazy* singleton;
public:
static Singleton_Lazy* getInstance()
{
if (NULL == singleton)
{
mu.lock();//关闭锁
if (NULL == singleton)
{
singleton = new Singleton_Lazy;
}
mu.unlock();//打开锁
}
return singleton;
}
};
Singleton_Lazy* Singleton_Lazy::singleton = NULL;
void thread01()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << "thread01 working...." << endl;
Singleton_Lazy *lazy1 = Singleton_Lazy::getInstance();
cout << "thread01创建单例lazy1地址:" << lazy1 << endl;
}
}
void thread02()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << "thread02 working...." << endl;
Singleton_Lazy *lazy2 = Singleton_Lazy::getInstance();
cout << "thread02创建单例lazy2地址:" << lazy2 << endl;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
thread thread1(thread01);
thread thread2(thread01);
thread1.detach();
thread2.detach();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << "Main thread working..." << endl;
Singleton_Lazy *main = Singleton_Lazy::getInstance();
cout << "Main 创建单例lazy地址:" << main << endl;
}
return 0;
}
多线程下线程不安全的懒汉式测试
下图是将40行45行线程互斥对象操作注释的情况,发生了内存泄漏,创建了多个单例。图中字打错了。。。
多线程下线程安全的懒汉式测试