tensorflow中name_scope和variable_scope使用方法示例

刚开始用tensorflow定义一个简单的模型，脚本如下：

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# 添加层
def add_layer(inputs, in_size, out_size, activation_function=None):
   # add one more layer and return the output of this layer
   Weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([in_size, out_size]))
   biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, out_size]) + 0.1)
   Wx_plus_b = tf.matmul(inputs, Weights) + biases
   if activation_function is None:
       outputs = Wx_plus_b
   else:
       outputs = activation_function(Wx_plus_b)
   return outputs

# 1.训练的数据
# Make up some real data
x_data = np.linspace(-1,1,300)[:, np.newaxis]
noise = np.random.normal(0, 0.05, x_data.shape)
y_data = np.square(x_data) - 0.5 + noise

# 2.定义节点准备接收数据
# define placeholder for inputs to network
xs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])
ys = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])

# 3.定义神经层：隐藏层和预测层
# add hidden layer 输入值是 xs，在隐藏层有 10 个神经元
l1 = add_layer(xs, 1, 10, activation_function=tf.nn.relu)
# add output layer 输入值是隐藏层 l1，在预测层输出 1 个结果
prediction = add_layer(l1, 10, 1, activation_function=None)

# 4.定义 loss 表达式
# the error between prediciton and real data
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(ys - prediction),
                    reduction_indices=[1]))

# 5.选择 optimizer 使 loss 达到最小
# 这一行定义了用什么方式去减少 loss，学习率是 0.1
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1).minimize(loss)


# important step 对所有变量进行初始化
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
# 上面定义的都没有运算，直到 sess.run 才会开始运算
writer = tf.summary.FileWriter("logs2/", sess.graph)

sess.run(init)

使用tensorboard可视化得到的图形如下，可以看到图形并没有进行按层归类。

使用name_scope后：

import tensorflow as tf


def add_layer(inputs, in_size, out_size, activation_function=None):
    # add one more layer and return the output of this layer
    # 区别：大框架，定义层 layer，里面有 小部件
    with tf.name_scope('layer'):
        # 区别：小部件
        with tf.name_scope('weights'):
            Weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([in_size, out_size]), name='W')
        with tf.name_scope('biases'):
            biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, out_size]) + 0.1, name='b')
        with tf.name_scope('Wx_plus_b'):
            Wx_plus_b = tf.add(tf.matmul(inputs, Weights), biases)
        if activation_function is None:
            outputs = Wx_plus_b
        else:
            outputs = activation_function(Wx_plus_b, )
        return outputs


# define placeholder for inputs to network
# 区别：大框架，里面有 inputs x，y
with tf.name_scope('inputs'):
    xs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1], name='x_input')
    ys = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1], name='y_input')

# add hidden layer
l1 = add_layer(xs, 1, 10, activation_function=tf.nn.relu)
# add output layer
prediction = add_layer(l1, 10, 1, activation_function=None)

# the error between prediciton and real data
# 区别：定义框架 loss
with tf.name_scope('loss'):
    loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(ys - prediction),
                                        reduction_indices=[1]))

# 区别：定义框架 train
with tf.name_scope('train'):
    train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1).minimize(loss)

sess = tf.Session()

# 区别：sess.graph 把所有框架加载到一个文件中放到文件夹"logs/"里
# 接着打开terminal，进入你存放的文件夹地址上一层，运行命令 tensorboard --logdir='logs/'
# 会返回一个地址，然后用浏览器打开这个地址，在 graph 标签栏下打开
writer = tf.summary.FileWriter("logs/", sess.graph)
# important step
sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables())

得到图形：

可以看到，tf.Variable新建变量，如果重名，系统会自动检测并更改名字，避免重名。

variable_scope可以参考下面文章，http://www.cnblogs.com/Charles-Wan/p/6200446.html

在 tf.name_scope下时，tf.get_variable()创建的变量名不受 name_scope 的影响，而且在未指定共享变量时，如果重名会报错，tf.Variable()会自动检测有没有变量重名，如果有则会自行处理。

import tensorflow as tf

with tf.name_scope('name_scope_x'):
    var1 = tf.get_variable(name='var1', shape=[1], dtype=tf.float32)
    var3 = tf.Variable(name='var2', initial_value=[2], dtype=tf.float32)
    var4 = tf.Variable(name='var2', initial_value=[2], dtype=tf.float32)

with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
    print(var1.name, sess.run(var1))
    print(var3.name, sess.run(var3))
    print(var4.name, sess.run(var4))
# 输出结果：
# var1:0 [-0.30036557]   可以看到前面不含有指定的'name_scope_x'
# name_scope_x/var2:0 [ 2.]
# name_scope_x/var2_1:0 [ 2.]  可以看到变量名自行变成了'var2_1'，避免了和'var2'冲突

如果使用tf.get_variable()创建变量，且没有设置共享变量，重名时会报错

import tensorflow as tf

with tf.name_scope('name_scope_1'):
    var1 = tf.get_variable(name='var1', shape=[1], dtype=tf.float32)
    var2 = tf.get_variable(name='var1', shape=[1], dtype=tf.float32)
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
    print(var1.name, sess.run(var1))
    print(var2.name, sess.run(var2))

# ValueError: Variable var1 already exists, disallowed. Did you mean 
# to set reuse=True in VarScope? Originally defined at:
# var1 = tf.get_variable(name='var1', shape=[1], dtype=tf.float32)

所以要共享变量，需要使用tf.variable_scope()

import tensorflow as tf

with tf.variable_scope('variable_scope_y') as scope:
    var1 = tf.get_variable(name='var1', shape=[1], dtype=tf.float32)
    scope.reuse_variables()  # 设置共享变量
    var1_reuse = tf.get_variable(name='var1')
    var2 = tf.Variable(initial_value=[2.], name='var2', dtype=tf.float32)
    var2_reuse = tf.Variable(initial_value=[2.], name='var2', dtype=tf.float32)

with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
    print(var1.name, sess.run(var1))
    print(var1_reuse.name, sess.run(var1_reuse))
    print(var2.name, sess.run(var2))
    print(var2_reuse.name, sess.run(var2_reuse))
# 输出结果：
# variable_scope_y/var1:0 [-1.59682846]
# variable_scope_y/var1:0 [-1.59682846]   可以看到变量var1_reuse重复使用了var1
# variable_scope_y/var2:0 [ 2.]
# variable_scope_y/var2_1:0 [ 2.]

也可以这样

with tf.variable_scope('foo') as foo_scope:
    v = tf.get_variable('v', [1])
with tf.variable_scope('foo', reuse=True):
    v1 = tf.get_variable('v')
assert v1 == v

或者这样：

with tf.variable_scope('foo') as foo_scope:
    v = tf.get_variable('v', [1])
with tf.variable_scope(foo_scope, reuse=True):
    v1 = tf.get_variable('v')
assert v1 == v