laravel学习笔记

一、router

<?php

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
//
//Route::get('/', function () {
//
//    return view('welcome');
//});

Route::resource('task', 'TaskController');
/*

Route::post('/', function () {});
Route::put('/', function () {});
Route::delete('/', function () {});

Route::any('/', function () {});

Route::match(['get', 'post'], '/', function () {});

Route::get('/', 'WelcomeController@index');

Route::get('user/{id}', function ($id) {
    return "用户ID: " . $id;
});

Route::get('page/{id}', function ($id) {
    return '页面ID: ' . $id;
})->where('id', '[0-9]+');

Route::get('page/{name}', function ($name) {
    return '页面名称: ' . $name;
})->where('name', '[A-Za-z]+');

Route::get('page/{id}/{slug}', function ($id, $slug) {
    return $id . ':' . $slug;
})->where(['id' => '[0-9]+', 'slug' => '[A-Za-z]+']);

### section B
Route::group([], function () {
    Route::get('hello', function () { return 'Hello'; });
    Route::get('world', function () { return 'World'; });
});
//路由-中间件
Route::middleware('auth')->group(function () {
    Route::get('dashboard', function () {
        return view('dashboard');
    });
    Route::get('account', function () {
        return view('account');
    });
});
// 路由分组
Route::group(['middleware' => 'auth'], function () {
    Route::get('dashboard', function () {
        return view('dashboard');
    });
    Route::get('account', function () {
        return view('account');
    });
});
// 路由-前缀
Route::prefix('api')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', function () {
        // 处理 /api 路由
    })->name('api.index');
    Route::get('users', function () {
        // 处理 /api/users 路由
    })->name('api.users');
});
// 路由-域名
Route::domain('admin.blog.test')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', function () {
        // 处理 http://admin.blog.test 路由
    });
});

Route::domain('{account}.blog.test')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', function ($account) {
        //
    });
    Route::get('user/{id}', function ($account, $id) {
        //
    });
});

Route::get('/', 'Controller@index');
// 路由-命名空间
Route::namespace('Admin')->group(function() {
    // App\Http\Controllers\Admin\AdminController
    Route::get('/admin', 'AdminController@index');
});

// 路由命名+路径前缀
Route::name('user.')->prefix('user')->group(function () {
    Route::get('{id?}', function ($id = 1) {
        // 处理 /user/{id} 路由，路由命名为 user.show
        return route('user.show');
    })->name('show');
    Route::get('posts', function () {
        // 处理 /user/posts 路由，路由命名为 user.posts
    })->name('posts');
});
//路由-资源
Route::resource('post', 'PostController');
//路由-模型
Route::get('task/{task}', function(\App\Task $task){
    dd($task);
});
//路由-兜底
Route::fallback(function(){
    return '我是兜底路由';
});
//路由-频率限制
Route::middleware('throttle:60,1')->group(function(){
    Route::get('/usr', function(){

    });
});
Route::middleware('throttle:rate_limit, 1')->group(function(){
    Route::get('/user', function () {
        // 在 User 模型中设置自定义的 rate_limit 属性值
    });
    Route::get('/post', function () {
        // 在 Post 模型中设置自定义的 rate_limit 属性值
    });
});

//路由缓存
php artisan route:cache #如果路由中使用闭包会报错
php artisan route:clear
*/


//section C 视图
/*
// Laravel 视图概述
return view('以.分隔的视图模板路径');
//视图返回与参数传递
// 使用 view 辅助函数
Route::get('/', function () {
    // 该函数会在 resources/views 目录下查找 home.blade.php 或 home.php 视图文件，
    // 加载文件内容并解析 PHP 变量或语句，然后传递给响应，最终呈现给用户
    return view('home');
});
return view('home')->with('tasks', Task::all());
return view('home', ['tasks' => Task::all()]);
//视图-全局共享变量
view()->share('siteName', 'Laravel学院');
view()->share('siteUrl', 'https://xueyuanjun.com');
//视图-局部共享变量
view()->composer('partials.sidebar', function ($view) {
    $view->with('posts', Post::recent());
});
//视图-自定义数据预设
view()->composer( 'partials.sidebar', \App\Http\ViewComposers\RecentPostsComposer::class );
// 通过通配符指定多个视图组件
view()->composer('partials.*', function ($view) {
    $view->with('posts', Post::recent());
});

二、blade

//section D Blade 模板引擎
/*
//视图中注入服务
@inject('analytics', 'App\Services\Analytics')

<div class="finances-display">
    {{ $analytics->getBalance() }} / {{ $analytics->getBudget() }}
</div>


*/

//section E Resquest 对象
/*
// 通过 $request 实例获取请求数据
    dd($request->all());
//获取部分请求数据
$request->only();
$request->except();
//获取单个字段
$request->input();
$request->segments();
//判断是否包含字段
$request->has();


*/

// section F 控制器
/*
//验证
$this->validate($request, [
        'title' => 'bail|required|string|between:2,32',
        'url' => 'sometimes|url|max:200',
        'picture' => 'nullable|string'
    ]);
验证规则：https://xueyuanjun.com/post/9547.html#toc_17
$this->validate($request, [
   'title' => 'bail|required|string|between:2,32',
   'url' => 'sometimes|url|max:200',
   'picture' => 'nullable|string'
], [
   'title.required' => '标题字段不能为空',
   'title.string' => '标题字段仅支持字符串',
   'title.between' => '标题长度必须介于2-32之间',
   'url.url' => 'URL格式不正确，请输入有效的URL',
   'url.max' => 'URL长度不能超过200',
]);

*/

//section G DB
/*
//使用 DB 门面执行原生 SQL 语句
DB::statement('drop table `users`');
$users = DB::select('select * from `users`');

PHP 的 PDO 实现
$name = '学院君';
$users = DB::select('select * from `users` where `name` = ?', [$name]);

$name = str_random(10);
$email = str_random(10) . '@163.com';
$password = bcrypt('secret');
$flag = DB::insert('insert into `users` (`name`, `email`, `password`) values (?, ?, ?)', [$name, $email, $password]);

$name = str_random(8);
$id = 8;
$affectedRows = DB::update('update `users` set `name` = ? where id = ?', [$name, $id]);

$id = 8;
$affectedRows = DB::delete('delete from `users` where id = ?', [$id]);

//使用查询构建器进行增删改查
$name = '学院君';
$users = DB::table('users')->where('name', $name)->get();
$user = DB::table('users')->where('name', $name)->first();
$user = DB::table('users')->select('id', 'name', 'email')->where('name', $name)->first();

$flag = DB::table('users')->insert([
    'name' => str_random(10),
    'email' => str_random(8) . '@163.com',
    'password' => bcrypt('secret')
]);

$userId = DB::table('users')->insertGetId([
    'name' => str_random(10),
    'email' => str_random(8) . '@qq.com',
    'password' => bcrypt('secret')
]);

DB::table('users')->insert([
    ['name' => str_random(10), 'email' => str_random(8) . '@qq.com', 'password' => bcrypt('123')],
    ['name' => str_random(10), 'email' => str_random(8) . '@qq.com', 'password' => bcrypt('456')],
    ['name' => str_random(10), 'email' => str_random(8) . '@qq.com', 'password' => bcrypt('789')],
]);(如果插入出 QueryException 异常，会整体中断，一条都不会插进去。)

$id = 11;
$affectedRows = DB::table('users')->where('id', '>', $id)->update(['name' => str_random(8)]);
DB::table('posts')->where('id', 100)->increment('views'); // views+1
DB::table('posts')->where('id', 100)->increment('views', 5); // views+5
DB::table('posts')->where('id', 100)->decrement('votes');  // votes-1

$id = 11;
$affectedRows = DB::table('users')->where('id', '>=', $id)->delete();
$affectedRows = DB::table('users')->delete();
$affectedRows = DB::table('users')->truncate();

//查询技巧
$name = '学院君';
$email = DB::table('users')->where('name', $name)->value('email');获取指定字段的值
$exists = DB::table('users')->where('name', $name)->exists();判断某个字段值在数据库中是否存在对应记录
$users = DB::table('users')->where('id', '<', 10)->pluck('name', 'id');以主键 ID 值为键，以某个字段值为值构建关联数组
一次性返回可能会超出 PHP 内存限制，这时借助 chunk 方法将其分割成多个组块依次返回：
$names = [];
DB::table('users')->orderBy('id')->chunk(5, function ($users) use (&$names) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
        $names[] = $user->name;
    }
});
$num = DB::table('users')->count();       # 计数     9
$sum = DB::table('users')->sum('id');     # 求和    45
$avg = DB::table('users')->avg('id');     # 平均值   5
$min = DB::table('users')->min('id');     # 最小值   1
$max = DB::table('users')->max('id');     # 最大值   9

//高级 Where 查询 =、>、<、<>
DB::table('posts')->where('views', 0)->get();      # 此处等号可以省略
DB::table('posts')->where('views', '>', 0)->get();
DB::table('posts')->where('views', '<>', 0)->get();
# where-like
DB::table('posts')->where('title', 'like', 'Laravel学院%')->get();
# where-and
DB::table('posts')->where('id', '<', 10)->where('views', '>', 0)->get();
# where-or
DB::table('posts')->where('id', '<', 10)->orWhere('views', '>', 0)->get();
# where-between
DB::table('posts')->whereBetween('views', [10, 100])->get();
DB::table('posts')->whereNotBetween('views', [10, 100])->get();
# where-in
DB::table('posts')->whereIn('user_id', [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])->get();
# where-null
DB::table('users')->whereNull('email_verified_at')->get();
DB::table('users')->whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->get();
# where-日期
DB::table('posts')->whereYear('created_at', '2018')->get();   # 年
DB::table('posts')->whereMonth('created_at', '11')->get();    # 月
DB::table('posts')->whereDay('created_at', '28')->get();      # 一个月的第几天
DB::table('posts')->whereDate('created_at', '2018-11-28')->get();  # 具体日期
DB::table('posts')->whereTime('created_at', '14:00')->get();  # 时间
# where-字段比较
DB::table('posts')->whereColumn('updated_at', '>', 'created_at')->get();
# where-json
DB::table('users')
    ->where('options->language', 'en')
    ->get();
select * from `users` where json_unquote(json_extract(`options`, '$."language"')) = en
DB::table('users')
    ->whereJsonContains('options->languages', 'en_US')
    ->get();
select * from `users` where json_contains(`options`, "en_US", '$."languages"')
DB::table('users')
    ->whereJsonContains('options->languages', ['en_US', 'zh_CN'])
    ->get();
# where-参数分组
DB::table('posts')->where('id', '<=', 10)->orWhere(function ($query) {
    $query->where('views', '>', 0)
        ->whereDate('created_at', '<', '2018-11-28')
        ->whereTime('created_at', '<', '14:00');
})->get();
select * from posts where id <= 10 or (views > 0 and created_at < '2018-11-28 14:00');
# where-Exists
DB::table('users')
    ->whereExists(function ($query) {
        $query->select(DB::raw(1))
            ->from('posts')
            ->whereRaw('posts.user_id = users.id');
    })
->get();
select * from `users` where exists (select 1 from `posts` where posts.user_id = users.id);
# where-子查询
$users = DB::table('users')->whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->select('id');
$posts = DB::table('posts')->whereInSub('user_id', $users)->get();
select * from posts where user_id in (select id from users where email_verified_at is not null);

//连接查询
$posts = DB::table('posts')
    ->leftJoin('users', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
    ->select('posts.*', 'users.name', 'users.email')
    ->get();#左联
select posts.*, users.name, users.email from posts left join users on users.id = posts.user_id;
$posts = DB::table('posts')
    ->rightJoin('users', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
    ->select('posts.*', 'users.name', 'users.email')
    ->get();#右联
select posts.*, users.name, users.email from posts right join users on users.id = posts.user_id;
$posts = DB::table('posts')
    ->join('users', function ($join) {
        $join->on('users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
            ->whereNotNull('users.email_verified_at');
    })
    ->select('posts.*', 'users.name', 'users.email')
    ->where('posts.views', '>', 0)
    ->get();#其它连接
select posts.*, users.name, users.email from posts inner join users on users.id = posts.user_id and users.email_verified_at is not null where posts.views > 0;
$posts_a = DB::table('posts')->where('views', 0);
$posts_b = DB::table('posts')->where('id', '<=', 10)->union($posts_a)->get();(联合查询)
(select * from `posts` where `id` <= 10) union (select * from `posts` where `views` = 0)
//分组
$posts = DB::table('posts')
    ->groupBy('user_id')
    ->selectRaw('user_id, sum(views) as total_views')
    ->get();
select user_id, sum(views) as total_views from `posts` group by `user_id`;
//分页
$posts = DB::table('posts')->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->where('views', '>', 0)
    ->skip(10)->take(5)
    ->get();
$posts = DB::table('posts')->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->where('views', '>', 0)
    ->offset(10)->limit(5)
    ->get();
select * from `posts` where `views` > 0 order by `created_at` desc limit 5 offset 10;
*/

// Eloquent 模型
/*
//表名
protected $table = 'articles';
//主键
protected $primaryKey = 'post_id';
public $incrementing = false;
protected $keyType = 'string';
//时间戳
public $timestamps = false;
public const CREATED_AT = 'create_time';
public const UPDATED_AT = 'update_time';
protected $dateFormat = 'U';
//数据库连接
protected $connection = 'connection_name';
//查询
$posts = Post::all();
Post::chunk(10, function ($posts) {
   foreach ($posts as $post) {
       if ($post->views == 0) {
           continue;
       } else {
           dump($post->title . ':' . $post->views);
       }
   }
});
foreach (Post::cursor() as $post) {
    dump($post->title . ':' . $post->content);
}
//获取指定查询结果
$posts = Post::where('views', '>', 0)->select('id', 'title', 'content')->get();
$posts = Post::where('views', '>', 0)->orderBy('id', 'desc')->offset(10)->limit(5)->get();
//获取单条记录
$user = User::where('name', '学院君')->first();
$user = User::find(1);#查询的条件是主键 ID
$user = User::findOrFail(111);#单条记录返回结果为空时返回 404 响应
//获取聚合结果
$num = User::whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->count();       # 计数
$sum = User::whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->sum('id');     # 求和
$avg = User::whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->avg('id');     # 平均值
$min = User::whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->min('id');     # 最小值
$max = User::whereNotNull('email_verified_at')->max('id');     # 最大值
//插入数据
$post = new App\Post;
$post->title = '测试文章标题';
$post->content = '测试文章内容';
$post->user_id = 1;
$post->save();
//更新数据
$post = Post::find(31);
$post->title = '测试文章标题更新';
$post->save();
$user = user::updateOrCreate(
    ['name' => '学院君'],
    ['email' => 'admin@laravelacademy.org']
);#如果发现对应记录不存在，则插入数据库，并保存（不建议）
Post::where('views', '>', 0)->update(['views' => 100]);#批量更新
//删除数据
$post = Post::find(31);
$post->delete();#对数据表id=31的记录删除
Post::destroy([1,2,3]);#一次删除多条
$user = User::where('name', '学院君')->fisrt();
$user->delete();#删除第一条

protected $fillable = [];#使用批量赋值的属性（白名单）
protected $guarded = ['*'];#不使用批量赋值的字段（黑名单）
//更新模型
$post = Post::findOrFail(11);
$post->fill($request->all()); #批量赋值
$post->save();
//软删除
//php artisan make:migration alter_posts_add_deleted_at --table=posts
    public function up()
    {
        Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->softDeletes();
        });
    }
class Post extends Model
{
    use SoftDeletes;

    protected $guarded = ['user_id'];
}
$post = Post::findOrFail(32);
$post->delete();
if ($post->trashed()) {
    dump('该记录已删除');
}
$post = Post::withTrashed()->find(32);
$post = Post::onlyTrashed()->where('views', 0)->get();
$post->restore();   // 恢复单条记录
Post::onlyTrashed()->where('views', 0)->restore(); // 恢复多条记录
$post->forceDelete();#物理删除数据表记录

//访问器和修改器
public function getDisplayNameAttribute()
{
    return $this->nickname ? $this->nickname : $this->name;
}
#访问：$user->display_name
public function setCardNoAttribute($value)
{
    $value = str_replace(' ', '', $value);  // 将所有空格去掉
    $this->attributes['card_no'] = encrypt($value);
}
#设置：$user->card_no = '6222020903001483077';
# 数组转json
//全局作用域和局部作用域进行查询
//模型事件监听
retrieved：获取到模型实例后触发
creating：插入到数据库前触发
created：插入到数据库后触发
updating：更新到数据库前触发
updated：更新到数据库后触发
saving：保存到数据库前触发（插入/更新之前，无论插入还是更新都会触发）
saved：保存到数据库后触发（插入/更新之后，无论插入还是更新都会触发）
deleting：从数据库删除记录前触发
deleted：从数据库删除记录后触发
restoring：恢复软删除记录前触发
restored：恢复软删除记录后触发
// 静态方法监听模型事件
app/Providers/EventServiceProvider.php
public function boot(){
    parent::boot();
    // 监听模型获取事件
    User::retrieved(function ($user) {
        Log::info('从模型中获取用户[' . $user->id . ']:' . $user->name);
    });
}
//订阅者监听模型事件
php artisan make:event UserDeleting
php artisan make:event UserDeleted
// app/Events/UserDeleted.php
// app/Events/UserDeleting.php

public $user;
public function __construct(User $user)
{
    $this->user = $user;
}
//App/User.php
protected $dispatchesEvents = [
    'deleting' => UserDeleting::class,
    'deleted' => UserDeleted::class
];
//观察者监听模型事件

//关联关系

*/

一、

# -m 同时生成一个create——migration,不过migration会自动添加s
php artisan make:model blog -m

二、批量填充

2.1 创建数据表类

# --create :表名，在数据库中创建实体表
php artisan make:migration create_posts_table --create=posts

2.2 定义表字段，并同步mysql

public function up()
{
    Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->increments('id');
        $table->string('title')->comment('标题');
        $table->text('content')->comment('内容');
        $table->integer('user_id')->unsigned()->default(0);
        $table->integer('views')->unsigned()->default(0)->comment('浏览数');
        $table->index('user_id');
        $table->timestamps();
    });
}

创建数据表

php artisan migrate 

创建对应的model类

php artisan make:model Post

为模型类创建一个模型工厂

# --model :定义了postfactory里define用的model名称
php artisan make:factory PostFactory --model=Post

编写模型类方法：database/factories/PostFactory.php

<?php

use Faker\Generator as Faker;

$factory->define(\App\Post::class, function (Faker $faker) {
    return [
        'title' => $faker->title,
        'content' => $faker->text,
        'user_id' => mt_rand(1, 15),
        'views' => $faker->randomDigit
    ];
});

然后为 posts 表创建填充类：

php artisan make:seeder PostsTableSeeder

在 database/seeds 目录下新生成的填充类 PostsTableSeeder 中，调用模型工厂填充数据表：

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

class PostsTableSeeder extends Seeder{
    /**
     * Run the database seeds.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function run()
    {
        factory(\App\Post::class, 30)->create();
    }
}

运行如下 Artisan 命令填充 posts 数据表了：

php artisan db:seed --class=PostsTableSeeder

创建我们的第一个 Article 模型及其对应迁移文件了，我们在项目根目录运行如下 Artisan 命令一步到位

php artisan make:model Article -m

编辑默认生成的迁移文件：

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;

class CreateArticlesTable extends Migration
{
    /**
     * Run the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function up()
    {
        Schema::create('articles', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->increments('id');
            $table->string('title');
            $table->text('body');
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    /**
     * Reverse the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function down()
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('articles');
    }
}

运行如下命令创建对应数据表：

php artisan migrate