java 序列化和反序列化

一、什么是序列化和反序列化

序列化 把对象转换为字节序列的过程称为对象的序列化；
反序列化 把字节序列恢复为对象的过程称为对象的反序列化；
对于字节序的说明，我在Endian–计算机中字节、字的存储机制一文中做了简单介绍，百度百科中相对详细一点。网络传输中都是使用大端格式，不同的操作系统所使用的字节序是不同的。

二、什么情况下需要序列化和反序列化

1. 对象要被保存到文件或者数据库
2. 使用套接字在网络上传输对象
3. 通过RMI传输对象

三、如何实现序列化或者反序列化

1. 对象实现Serializable接口或者实现Externalizable接口
2. 通过JDK的API对对像进行序列化或者反序列化

对象实现Serializable接口或者Externalizable接口

1. 实现Serializable接口

@Data
public class SerializableObject implements Serializable {
    public static final long serialVersionUID = 2019102922590001L;

    private String id;

    private String name;

    public static int age = 18;

    transient private String address;

    public SerializableObject(String id, String name, String address) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "SerializableObject{" +
                "id='" + id + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age='" + age + '\'' +
                ", address='" + address + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

2. 实现Externalizable接口（需要实现方法writeExternal和readExternal方法，注意序列化和反序列化的顺序，反序列化时先读到的对象也是先被序列化的）

@Data
public class ExternalizableObject implements Externalizable {
    public static final long serialVersionUID = 2019102922590002L;

    private String id;

    private String name;

    public static int age = 18;

    transient private String address;

    public ExternalizableObject(String id, String name, String address) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
        out.writeObject(id);
        out.writeObject(name);
        out.writeObject(age);
        out.writeObject(address);
        out.writeObject(new Date());
    }

    @Override
    public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        id = (String)in.readObject();
        name = (String) in.readObject();
        age = (int) in.readObject();
        address = (String) in.readObject();
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        Date date = (Date) in.readObject();
        System.out.println("反序列化后的日期" + sdf.format(date));
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "SerializableObject{" +
                "id='" + id + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age='" + age + '\'' +
                ", address='" + address + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

通过ObjectOutputStream和ObjectInputStream对对象进行序列化和反序列化

public static void main(String[] args) {
    try (
            FileOutputStream fo = new FileOutputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
            ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fo);
            FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fi)
    ) {
        SerializableObject so = new SerializableObject("1", "kaka", "china");
        oos.writeObject(so);

        SerializableObject sor = (SerializableObject) ois.readObject();
        System.out.println(sor);

    } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

序列化时需要注意：transient变量和静态变量是不会被序列化的

实现Serializable接口的相关测试

1. 序列化

// 前边定义的SerializableObject中的静态变量的值为18
public static void main(String[] args) {
    try (
            FileOutputStream fo = new FileOutputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
            ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fo);
    ) {
        SerializableObject so = new SerializableObject("1", "kaka", "china");
        oos.writeObject(so);
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

2. 反序列化

// 修改SerializableObject中的静态变量的值为20
public static void read() {
   try (
           FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
           ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fi)
   ) {
       SerializableObject sor = (SerializableObject) ois.readObject();
       System.out.println(sor);
   } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   }
}

看一下控制台打印的结果：可以看到age为20，是我们修改后的值，而address的值为null，而不是我们之前设置的china

实现Externalizable接口的相关测试

还是同样的测试步骤

1. 序列化

public static void write() {
   try (
           FileOutputStream fo = new FileOutputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
           ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fo);
   ) {
       ExternalizableObject so = new ExternalizableObject("1", "kaka", "china");
       so.writeExternal(oos);
   } catch (IOException e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   }
}

2. 反序列化

// 修改age为20
public static void read() {
   try (
           FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("D:\\aa.txt");
           ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fi)
   ) {
       ExternalizableObject eo = new ExternalizableObject();
       eo.readExternal(ois);
       System.out.println(eo);
   } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   }
}

反序列化后控制台打印：

可以看到age为18，address属性为china，都是序列化所写入的值，这是因为序列化和反序列化的方法都是我们自己定义的。

主要参考博客： https://www.cnblogs.com/zhengshao/p/8882613.html