目录
-
消息机制简介
Android系统通过Handler、Message、MessageQueue、Looper实现消息机制。Handler负责消息的发送和处理（接收）；MessageQueue是消息队列，里面保存了Handler发送的所有的消息（Message），Message是指具体的消息，它持有Handler对象（划重点：这个持有很关键）。Looper执行消息循环，底层是C++的epoll机制，只有在有消息的时候，才会唤醒线程。Looper通过while循环遍历MessageQueque，如果有消息时（MessageQueue中的Message合法），调用Message所持有的Handler对象的dispatchMessage方法分发消息，dispatchMessage最终调用Handler对象的handleMessage方法处理消息。
消息机制主要用在线程间的通信（通过Message传递数据）。接下来，我们通过一个简单的Demo，从源码的角度来捋一下消息机制。
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
final Handler h = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
// 主线程接受消息
super.handleMessage(msg);
long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
}
};
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// 子线程消息发送
long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
Message message = new Message();
message.arg1 = 100;
message.what = 102;
h.sendMessage(message);
}
}).start();
}
}
子线程中消息循环需要开启Looper消息循环（ Looper.prepare(); Looper.loop() 这两个方法），否则会异常
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public static final String TAG = "Zhang";
public Handler mHandler = null;
@Override
public void run() {
Log.d(TAG, "进入Thread的run");
// 子线程中需要调用prepare方法初始化
Looper.prepare();
mHandler = new Handler(Looper.myLooper()){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg){
Log.d(TAG, "获得了message");
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
};
// 开启消息循环
Looper.loop();
}
}
-
消息发送
以下4个api都是用来发送消息，but前面三个最终还是调用第四个API，其作用都是向详细队列插入消息。
Handler.post();
Handler.postDelayed();
Handler.postAtTime();
Handler.sendMessageAtTime();
frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Handler.java
/**
不论是使用postDelayed 或 sendMessageDelayed 或 sendMessageAtTime，最终都是调用enqueueMessage方法，向消息队列插入消息
**/
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
//sendMessageAtTime调用enqueueMessage(),将消息插入消息队列。
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
enqueueMessage又调用了MessageQueue的enqueueMessage。
frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/MessageQueue.java
/**
按照消息处理的先后关系排序，将Message插入链表中的对应位置
**/
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
/**
检查消息合法性
**/
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
// 正在退出消息循环，不允许继续操作
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
// Message链表头
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// 当前需要处理的消息放在链表的头部
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
//将消息按时间顺序插入到MessageQueue。一般地，不需要唤醒事件队列，除非
//消息队头存在barrier，并且同时Message是队列中最早的异步消息。
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}-
Looper消息循环
frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Looper.java
Looper.loop();
public static void loop() {
// 获取当前线程的Looper对象
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
// 获取Looper的消息队列
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
....
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
return;
}
/**
特别注意：可以通过setMessageLogging(@Nullable Printer printer)方，
将自己实现的Printer对象传给mLogging。这样logging就不为空了。分别记录
L23和L33的时间，来计算消息处理所消耗的时间，从而且判断是否存在ANR。so，
简单的说，这个可以做性能分析
*/
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
...
try {
// msg.target就是T1线程的handler.通过dispathcmessage方法将消息发送到消息队列。
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
....
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target
+msg.callback);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
android.os handler.java
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
// 如果消息本身有callback，就调用消息的callback处理
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
// 如果handler在构造的时候有callback，就调用handler的callback
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
// 否则调用重载的handlermessage方法处理消息
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
/**
/**
* Default constructor associates this handler with the {@link Looper} for the
* current thread.
*
* If this thread does not have a looper, this handler won't be able to receive messages
* so an exception is thrown.
*/
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
**/-
IdleHandler
IdleHandler是指那些优先级比较低的事务。在处理完所有的Message之后才处理IdleHandler
- 用法
Looper.myQueue().addIdleHandler(new MessageQueue.IdleHandler() {
@Override
public boolean queueIdle() {
...
}
});
MessageQueue.java
public void addIdleHandler(@NonNull IdleHandler handler) {
if (handler == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Can't add a null IdleHandler");
}
synchronized (this) {
// 将IdleHanlder插入mIdlehandler队列中
mIdleHandlers.add(handler);
}
}
Looper.myQueue().addIdleHandler方法将IdelHandler对象添加到mIdleHandler队列中。然后在消息循环中，从该队列拿出去，调用IdelHandler的queueIdel方法。具体如下代码：
Message next() {
...
for (;;) {
...
synchronized (this) {
...
//前面的消息处理完后，再来处理IdelHandler事务
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
// 如果不存在IdleHandler退出当前循环。
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// 轮训，并调用IdleHandler类的queueIdle方法。
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null;
boolean keep = false;
try {
// 调用queueIdle方法
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
-
Message复用
synchronized (sPoolSync) {
if (sPool != null) {
Message m = sPool;
sPool = m.next;
m.next = null;
m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
sPoolSize--;
return m;
}
}
return new Message();
}
-
异步与同步屏障
-
同步屏障就是阻碍同步，只让异步消息通过。调用postSyncBarrier方法执行同步屏障
return postSyncBarrier(SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
}
同步屏障就是将一个没有target的msg插入到消息队列中对应的位置。
synchronized (this) {
final int token = mNextBarrierToken++;
final Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
msg.arg1 = token;
//就是这里！！！初始化Message对象的时候，并没有给target赋值，因此 target==null
Message prev = null;
Message p = mMessages;
if (when != 0) {
while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
//如果开启同步屏障的时间（假设记为T）T不为0，且当前的同步消息里有时间小于T，则prev也不为null
prev = p;
p = p.next;
}
}
/根据prev是不是为null，将 msg 按照时间顺序插入到 消息队列（链表）的合适位置
if (prev != null) { // invariant: p == prev.next
msg.next = p;
prev.next = msg;
} else {
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
}
return token;
}
}
再来到消息队列
...
synchronized (this) {
...
// 如果当前msg是同步屏障，就去 找下一个异步消息
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
// 是否到钟？ 返回异步消息 - 当前msg就是异步消息
if (now < msg.when) {
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
}
...
}
移除同步屏障
public void removeSyncBarrier(int token) {
synchronized (this) {
Message prev = null;
Message p = mMessages;
while (p != null && (p.target != null || p.arg1 != token)) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
}
if (p == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The specified message queue synchronization "
+ " barrier token has not been posted or has already been removed.");
}
final boolean needWake;
if (prev != null) {
prev.next = p.next;
needWake = false;
} else {
mMessages = p.next;
needWake = mMessages == null || mMessages.target != null;
}
p.recycleUnchecked();
// If the loop is quitting then it is already awake.
// We can assume mPtr != 0 when mQuitting is false.
if (needWake && !mQuitting) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
}
同步屏障总结：
1、MessageQueue.postSyncBarrier方法插入同步屏障到MQ的合适的位置（按照触发时间排序）。
2、MessageQueue.next方法依次取msg。如果当前msg是同步屏障（下图红色），就会找下一个异步消息（msg2）。并将异步消息返回。
3、只要同步屏障存在，且异步消息也存在，同步消息就永无天日。
4、MessageQueue.removeSyncBarrier方法调用后，异步消息失效。异步消息永无天日
-
消息处理
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}-
子线程Looper初始化
主线程中已经默认初始化，子线程的消息传递需要自己调用Looper.prepare。否则会crash
frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Looper.java
public static void prepare() {
// 子线程中，消息循环是可以退出的，quitAllowed为true
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
// 将一个Looper对象设置给ThreadLocal
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
// 创建了一个消息队列MessageQueue
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
// 获取当前线程对象
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
-
参考文献
[1]这篇博客将同步屏障讲的非常清楚了，本文引用了该博客的部分图片
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