考研高数背诵类知识点-张宇(不定期更新)

考研高数背诵知识点

1. 诱导公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin (\frac{\pi }{2}\pm \alpha )=\cos \alpha \\ \sin (\pi \pm \alpha )=\mp \sin \alpha \\ \cos (\frac{\pi }{2}\pm \alpha )=\mp \sin \alpha \\ \sin (\pi \pm \alpha )=-\cos \alpha \end{gathered}$$

2. 三倍角公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin 3\alpha =-4{\sin }^3\alpha +3\sin \alpha \\ \cos 3\alpha =4{\cos }^3\alpha -3\cos \alpha \end{gathered}$$

3. 半角公式

$$\begin{gathered} {\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos \alpha ) \\ {\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos \alpha ) \\ \tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha }=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }} \\ \cot \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1-\cos \alpha }=\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha }=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{1-\cos \alpha }} \end{gathered}$$

4. $\cot$和差公式

$$\cot (\alpha +\beta )=\frac{\cot \alpha \cot \beta -1}{\cot \beta +\cot \alpha }$$

$$\cot (\alpha -\beta )=\frac{\cot \alpha \cot \beta +1}{\cot \beta -\cot \alpha }$$

5. 积化和差公式[^考前背,基本不考]

$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{\sin (\alpha +\beta )+\sin (\alpha -\beta )}{2} \\ \cos \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{\sin (\alpha +\beta )-\sin (\alpha -\beta )}{2} \\ \cos \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{\cos (\alpha +\beta )+cos(\alpha -\beta )}{2} \\ \sin \alpha \sin \beta =-\frac{\cos (\alpha +\beta )-\cos (\alpha -\beta )}{2} \end{gathered}$$

6. 和差化积公式[^考前背,基本不考]

$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha +\sin \beta =2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \sin \alpha -\sin \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha +\cos \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha -\cos \beta =-2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \end{gathered}$$

7. 万能公式

​ 若$u=\tan \frac{x}{2}(-\pi <x<\pi )$,则$\sin x=\frac{2u}{1+u^2}$,$\cos x=\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}$

8. 常见的等差数列前n项和

$$\sum _{k=1}^n{k}^2=1^2+2^2+3^2+\cdots +n^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$$

9. 根的公式

$$x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$$

10. 根与系数的关系（韦达定理）

$$\begin{gathered} x_1+x_2=-\frac{b}{a} \\ {x}_1{x}_2=\frac{c}{a} \end{gathered}$$

11. 因式分解公式

$$\begin{gathered} (a+b{)}^3=a^3+3a^{2}b+3a{b}^2+b^3 \\ (a-b{)}^3=a^3-3a^{2}b+3a{b}^2-b^3 \\ {a}^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) \\ {a}^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2) \\ {a}^n-b^n=(a-b)\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}{a}^{n-1-i}{b}^i \\ {a}^n+b^n=(a-b)\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(-1{)}^i{a}^{n-1-i}{b}^i(n为正奇数) \end{gathered}$$

12. 双阶乘

$$\begin{gathered} (2n)!!=2\ast 4\ast 6\ast 8\ast 10\ast \cdots \ast (2n)=2^n\ast n! \\ (2n-1)!!=1\ast 3\ast 5\ast 7\ast \cdots \ast (2n-1) \end{gathered}$$

13. 常用不等式

• $$\begin{gathered} |a\pm b|\le |a|+|b| \\ ||a|-|b||\le |a-b| \\ |a_1\pm a_2\pm \cdots \pm a_n|\le |a_1|+|a_2|+\cdots +|a_n| \end{gathered}$$

• $$\begin{gathered} \sqrt{ab}\le \frac{a+b}{2}\le \sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}}(a,b>0) \\ \sqrt[3]{abc}\le \frac{a+b+c}{3}\le \sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}}(a,b,c>0) \end{gathered}$$

• $$若0<a<x<b,0<c<y<d,则\frac{c}{b}<\frac{y}{x}<\frac{d}{a}$$

• $$\frac{1}{x+1}<\ln (1+\frac{1}{x})<\frac{1}{x}(x>0)$$