多线程教程（十八）ReentrantLock

多线程教程（十八）ReentrantLock

一、基本使用方法

// 获取锁
reentrantLock.lock();
try {
    // 临界区
} finally {
    // 释放锁
    reentrantLock.unlock();
}

二、ReentrantLock特点

相对于 synchronized 它具备如下特点

• 可中断

• 可以设置超时时间

• 可以设置为公平锁

• 支持多个条件变量

与 synchronized 一样，都支持可重入

1.可重入

可重入是指同一个线程如果首次获得了这把锁，那么因为它是这把锁的拥有者，因此有权利再次获取这把锁

如果是不可重入锁，那么第二次获得锁时，自己也会被锁挡住

示例：

static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public static void main(String[] args) {
    method1();
}
public static void method1() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("execute method1");
        method2();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public static void method2() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("execute method2");
        method3();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public static void method3() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("execute method3");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

输出：

17:59:11.862 [main] c.TestReentrant - execute method1 
17:59:11.865 [main] c.TestReentrant - execute method2 
17:59:11.865 [main] c.TestReentrant - execute method3

2.可打断

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
    log.debug("启动...");
    try {
        lock.lockInterruptibly();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        log.debug("等锁的过程中被打断");
        return;
    }
    try {
        log.debug("获得了锁");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}, "t1");
lock.lock();
log.debug("获得了锁");
t1.start();
try {
    sleep(1);
    t1.interrupt();
    log.debug("执行打断");
} finally {
    lock.unlock();
}

输出：

18:02:40.520 [main] c.TestInterrupt - 获得了锁
18:02:40.524 [t1] c.TestInterrupt - 启动... 
18:02:41.530 [main] c.TestInterrupt - 执行打断
java.lang.InterruptedException 
 at 
java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.doAcquireInterruptibly(AbstractQueuedSynchr
onizer.java:898) 
 at 
java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.acquireInterruptibly(AbstractQueuedSynchron
izer.java:1222) 
 at java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock.lockInterruptibly(ReentrantLock.java:335) 
 at cn.itcast.n4.reentrant.TestInterrupt.lambda$main$0(TestInterrupt.java:17) 
 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) 
18:02:41.532 [t1] c.TestInterrupt - 等锁的过程中被打断

和sleep被打断一样，打断之后会报错，catch一下就好

reentrantLock和park一样，打断的先后顺序不影响打断线程。即限制性interrupt，后执行lock.lockInterruptibly(); 会直接执行后续代码

注意如果是不可中断模式，那么即使使用了 interrupt 也不会让等待中断

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
    log.debug("启动...");
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("获得了锁");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}, "t1");
lock.lock();
log.debug("获得了锁");
t1.start();
try {
    sleep(1);
    t1.interrupt();
    log.debug("执行打断");
    sleep(1);
} finally {
    log.debug("释放了锁");
    lock.unlock();
}

输出

18:06:56.261 [main] c.TestInterrupt - 获得了锁
18:06:56.265 [t1] c.TestInterrupt - 启动... 
18:06:57.266 [main] c.TestInterrupt - 执行打断 // 这时 t1 并没有被真正打断, 而是仍继续等待锁
18:06:58.267 [main] c.TestInterrupt - 释放了锁
18:06:58.267 [t1] c.TestInterrupt - 获得了锁

3.锁超时

锁超时不是拿多久的锁，是尝试获得锁的时候可以设置一个获得锁的等待时间，如果在指定时间内不能获得锁，就要返回false；

通过设置获得锁的等待时间，不能获得锁的时候释放锁，就能够避免死锁的问题。

当不设置等待时间，获取不到锁立即返回false；

（1）立即失败

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
    log.debug("启动...");
    if (!lock.tryLock()) {
        log.debug("获取立刻失败，返回");
        return;
    }
    try {
        log.debug("获得了锁");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}, "t1");
lock.lock();
log.debug("获得了锁");
t1.start();
try {
    sleep(2);
} finally {
    lock.unlock();
}

输出：

18:15:02.918 [main] c.TestTimeout - 获得了锁
18:15:02.921 [t1] c.TestTimeout - 启动... 
18:15:02.921 [t1] c.TestTimeout - 获取立刻失败，返回

（2）超时失败

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
    log.debug("启动...");
    try {
        if (!lock.tryLock(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
            log.debug("获取等待 1s 后失败，返回");
            return;
        }
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    try {
        log.debug("获得了锁");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}, "t1");
lock.lock();
log.debug("获得了锁");
t1.start();
try {
    sleep(2);
} finally {
    lock.unlock();
}

输出：

18:19:40.537 [main] c.TestTimeout - 获得了锁
18:19:40.544 [t1] c.TestTimeout - 启动... 
18:19:41.547 [t1] c.TestTimeout - 获取等待 1s 后失败，返回

4.公平锁

ReentrantLock 默认是不公平的

当不开公平锁，即构造器的参数为false的时候：

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(false);
lock.lock();
for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
    new Thread(() -> {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " running...");
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }, "t" + i).start();
}
// 1s 之后去争抢锁
Thread.sleep(1000);
new Thread(() -> {
    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " start...");
    lock.lock();
    try {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " running...");
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}, "强行插入").start();
lock.unlock();

输出：

t39 running... 
t40 running... 
t41 running... 
t42 running... 
t43 running... 
强行插入 start... 
强行插入 running... 
t44 running... 
t45 running... 
t46 running... 
t47 running... 
t49 running...

强行插入，有机会在中间输出

注意：该实验不一定总能复现

当开启公平锁的时候：

ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(true);

输出：

t465 running... 
t464 running... 
t477 running... 
t442 running... 
t468 running... 
t493 running... 
t482 running... 
t485 running... 
t481 running... 
强行插入 running...

开启公平锁后，所有的线程在entrylist中按照开始的时间顺序执行，不会出现插队现象，所以公平锁能够解决饥饿现象

不开启公平锁，当上一个线程结束后，随机从entrylist中执行一个线程

公平锁一般没有必要，会降低并发度

5.条件变量

synchronized 中也有条件变量，就是我们讲原理时那个 waitSet 休息室，当条件不满足时进入 waitSet 等待

ReentrantLock 的条件变量比 synchronized 强大之处在于，它是支持多个条件变量的，这就好比

• synchronized 是那些不满足条件的线程都在一间休息室等消息

• 而 ReentrantLock 支持多间休息室，有专门等烟的休息室、专门等早餐的休息室、唤醒时也是按休息室来唤醒

使用要点：

• await 前需要获得锁

• await 执行后，会释放锁，进入 conditionObject 等待

• await 的线程被唤醒（或打断、或超时）取重新竞争 lock 锁

• 竞争 lock 锁成功后，从 await 后继续执行

例子：

static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
static Condition waitCigaretteQueue = lock.newCondition();
static Condition waitbreakfastQueue = lock.newCondition();
static volatile boolean hasCigrette = false;
static volatile boolean hasBreakfast = false;
public static void main(String[] args) {
    new Thread(() -> {
        try {
            lock.lock();
            while (!hasCigrette) {
                try {
                    waitCigaretteQueue.await();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            log.debug("等到了它的烟");
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }).start();
    new Thread(() -> {
        try {
            lock.lock();
            while (!hasBreakfast) {
                try {
                    waitbreakfastQueue.await();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            log.debug("等到了它的早餐");
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }).start();
    sleep(1);
    sendBreakfast();
    sleep(1);
    sendCigarette();
}
private static void sendCigarette() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("送烟来了");
        hasCigrette = true;
        waitCigaretteQueue.signal();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
private static void sendBreakfast() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
        log.debug("送早餐来了");
        hasBreakfast = true;
        waitbreakfastQueue.signal();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

输出：

18:52:27.680 [main] c.TestCondition - 送早餐来了
18:52:27.682 [Thread-1] c.TestCondition - 等到了它的早餐
18:52:28.683 [main] c.TestCondition - 送烟来了
18:52:28.683 [Thread-0] c.TestCondition - 等到了它的烟