python中函数参数中的星号*和正斜杠/

下面引用一段python3.8中dataclass源代码

def dataclass(cls=None, /, *, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False,
              unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False):
    """Returns the same class as was passed in, with dunder methods
    added based on the fields defined in the class.

    Examines PEP 526 __annotations__ to determine fields.

    If init is true, an __init__() method is added to the class. If
    repr is true, a __repr__() method is added. If order is true, rich
    comparison dunder methods are added. If unsafe_hash is true, a
    __hash__() method function is added. If frozen is true, fields may
    not be assigned to after instance creation.
    """

    def wrap(cls):
        return _process_class(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen)

    # See if we're being called as @dataclass or @dataclass().
    if cls is None:
        # We're called with parens.
        return wrap

    # We're called as @dataclass without parens.
    return wrap(cls)

我们可以发现在函数参数中出现了/和*号，那这两个符号分别代表什么意思呢

参数*

*号作为一个函数参数出现在函数中，表示的是在*号之后的参数在调用时必须用kwargs的方式指定命名调用。

例如这样一个函数

def test(a, b):
    pass

我们在调用的时候可以有指定和非指定的方式

test(1, 2)
test(a=1, b=2)

但如果加入了*后

def test(*, a, b):
    pass

我们用非指定的方式传参就会报错

test(1, 2)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: test() takes 0 positional arguments but 2 were given

而这种限制只在于*之后的参数，比如下面这个例子就不会报错

def test(a, *, b):
    pass
    
test(1, b=2)

参数/

/号的作用则是表示在/之前的参数都必须为位置参数，而不能用指定命名传入

我们结合*号一起

def test1(a, b, /, *, c, d):
    pass

全指定的方式调用就会发现/不允许用指定方式传参

test1(a=1,b=2,c=3,d=4)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: test1() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'a, b'