软考133-上午题-【软件工程】-软件项目估算

一、COCOMO 估算模型

COCOMO 模型是一种精确的、易于使用的成本估算模型。

COCOMO 模型按其详细程度分为:基本 COCOMO 模型、中级 COCOMO 模型、详细 COCOMO 模型。

1)基本 COCOMO 模型

基本 COCOMO 模型是一个静态单变量模型,用于对整个软件系统进行估算。

 

2)中级COCOMO 模型

中级 COCOMO 模型是一个静态多变量模型,它将软件系统模型分为系统部件两个层次,系统由部件构成,它把软件开发所需的人力(成本)看作是程序大小和一系列“成本驱动属性”的函数。

中级 COCOMO 模型以基本 COCOMO 模型为基础,并考虑了 15 种影响软件工作量的因素,通过工作量调节因子 (EAF) 修正对工作量的估算,从而使估算更合理。

 

3) 详细 COCOMO 模型

它将软件系统模型分为系统、子系统模块3 个层次,除包括中级模型所考虑的因素外,还考虑了在需求分析、软件设计等每一步的成本驱动属性的影响。

二、COCOMOII模型

最初的 COCOMO 模型是得到产业界最广泛应用和讨论的软件成本估算模型之一,现在它已经演化成更全面的估算模型,称为 COCOMOII。

和其前身一样,COCOMOII 也是一种层次结构的估算模型,被分为 3 个阶段性模型。

(1)应用组装模型;(对象点)

(2) 早期设计阶段模型;(功能点)

(3) 体系结构阶段模型;(代码行)

和所有的软件估算模型一样,COCOMOII 模型也需要使用规模估算信息,在模型层次结构中有3 种不同的规模估算选择:对象点、功能点代码行

应用组装模型使用的是对象点;早期设计阶段模型使用的是功能点,功能点可以转换为代码行

三、真题

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COCOMO评估工具 What is COCOMO? COCOMO (COnstructive COst MOdel) is a screen-oriented, interactive software package that assists in budgetary planning and schedule estimation of a software development project. Through the flexibility of COCOMO, a software project manager (or team leader) can develop a model (or multiple models) of projects in order to identify potential problems in resources, personnel, budgets, and schedules both before and while the potential software package is being developed. The COCOMO software package is based upon the software cost and schedule estimation model: COnstructive COst MOdel version II (COCOMOII). This is the newly revised version of the original COnstructive COst MOdel (COCOMO) first published by Dr. Barry Boehm in his book Software Engineering Economics, Prentice-Hall (1981), and Ada COCOMO (1989) predecessors. The current model is described in [Boehm et al. 1995] The primary objectives of the COCOMOII.1998 effort are: ◾ To develop a software cost and schedule estimation model tuned to the life cycle practices of the 1990's and 2000's. ◾ To develop software cost database and tool support capabilities for continuous model improvement. ◾ To provide a quantitative analytic framework, and set of tools and techniques for evaluating the effects of software technology improvements on software life cycle costs and schedules. The full COCOMOII model includes three stages. Stage 1 supports estimation of prototyping or applications composition efforts. Stage 2 supports estimation in the Early Design stage of a project, when less is known about the project’s cost drivers. Stage 3 supports estimation in the Post-Architecture stage of a project. This version of USC COCOMOII implements stage 3 formulas to estimate the effort, schedule, and cost required to develop a software product. It also provides the breakdown of effort and schedule into software life-cycle phases and activities from the original COCOMO manual. These are still reasonably valid for waterfall model software projects, but need to be interpreted for non-waterfall projects.
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