无线通信网络学习笔记-1

1，基础概念

1.1. 无线通信网络的定义（引自wikipedia）

(1)A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes.[1]
无线网络是在网络节点之间使用无线数据连接的计算机网络。 [1]

(2)无线网络是一种家庭、电信网络和商业设施避免将电缆引入建筑物或作为各种设备位置之间连接的昂贵过程的方法。 [2] 管理电信网络通常使用无线电通信来实施和管理。 这种实现发生在 OSI 模型网络结构的物理层（层）。 [3]
(3)无线网络的示例包括手机网络、无线局域网 (WLAN)、无线传感器网络、卫星通信网络和地面微波网络 [4]。(Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks.[4])

1.2,无线网络类型：Types of wireless networks:

(1)Wireless PAN:
(Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) connect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person’s reach.[9] For example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications.[10] Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel “My WiFi” and Windows 7 “virtual Wi-Fi” capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.[11])
无线个域网 (WPAN) 将设备连接到一个相对较小的区域内，通常在一个人的范围内。 [9] 例如，蓝牙无线电和不可见红外光都提供了一个 WPAN，用于将耳机连接到笔记本电脑。 ZigBee 还支持 WPAN 应用。[10] 随着设备设计人员开始将 Wi-Fi 集成到各种消费电子设备中，Wi-Fi PAN 变得司空见惯（2010 年）。 英特尔“我的 WiFi”和 Windows 7“虚拟 Wi-Fi”功能使 Wi-Fi PAN 的设置和配置更简单、更容易。[11]

(2)Wireless LAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access. The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.

Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Fixed wireless technology implements point-to-point links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link. To connect to Wi-Fi using a mobile device, one can use a device like a wireless router or the private hotspot capability of another mobile device.

无线局域网 (WLAN) 使用无线分布方法在短距离内连接两个或多个设备，通常通过接入点提供连接以访问互联网。 扩频或 OFDM 技术的使用可以允许用户在本地覆盖区域内移动，并且仍然保持与网络的连接。

使用 IEEE 802.11 WLAN 标准的产品以 Wi-Fi 品牌名称销售。 固定无线技术在两个遥远位置的计算机或网络之间实现点对点链接，通常在视线路径上使用专用微波或调制激光束。 它通常在城市中用于连接两个或更多建筑物中的网络，而无需安装有线链路。 要使用移动设备连接到 Wi-Fi，可以使用无线路由器等设备或另一台移动设备的专用热点功能。

(3)Wireless ad hoc network
A wireless ad hoc network, also known as a wireless mesh network or mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing.[12] Ad hoc networks can “self-heal”, automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power. Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks, such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing, Associativity-Based Routing, Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector routing, and Dynamic source routing.

无线自组织网络，也称为无线网状网络或移动自组织网络 (MANET)，是由以网状拓扑结构组织的无线电节点组成的无线网络。 每个节点代表其他节点转发消息，每个节点执行路由。 [12] Ad hoc 网络可以“自我修复”，自动围绕已断电的节点重新路由。 实现ad hoc移动网络需要各种网络层协议，如Distance Sequenced Distance Vector路由、Associativity-Based Routing、Ad hoc按需距离向量路由和动态源路由。

(4)Wireless MAN
Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.

WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard.[13]

无线城域网是一种连接多个无线局域网的无线网络。

WiMAX 是一种无线城域网，由 IEEE 802.16 标准描述。[13]

(5)Wireless WAN

Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighbouring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public Internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz band, rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems.

无线广域网是通常覆盖大面积区域的无线网络，例如邻近城镇和城市之间或城市和郊区之间。 这些网络可用于连接企业分支机构或作为公共 Internet 访问系统。 接入点之间的无线连接通常是使用 2.4 GHz 和 5.8 GHz 频段上的抛物面天线的点对点微波链路，而不是用于较小网络的全向天线。 一个典型的系统包含基站网关、接入点和无线桥接中继。 其他配置是网状系统，其中每个接入点也充当中继。 当与光伏太阳能电池板或风能系统等可再生能源系统结合使用时，它们可以成为独立系统。

(6)Cellular network

A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference.

When joined these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.

Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development of smartphones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:

• A，Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.[14]
• B，Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
• C ，D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.

蜂窝网络或移动网络是分布在称为小区的陆地区域上的无线电网络，每个小区由至少一个固定位置的收发器（称为小区站点或基站）提供服务。在蜂窝网络中，每个小区的特点是使用来自其所有直接相邻小区的一组不同的无线电频率以避免任何干扰。

当加入这些小区时，可在广泛的地理区域内提供无线电覆盖。这使得大量便携式收发器（例如，移动电话、寻呼机等）能够通过基站相互通信并与网络中任何地方的固定收发器和电话进行通信，即使某些收发器正在移动超过传输过程中的一个单元格。

虽然最初是为手机设计的，但随着智能手机的发展，除了电话通话之外，手机网络还经常传输数据：

全球移动通信系统（GSM）：GSM网络分为三大系统：交换系统、基站系统和运营支持系统。手机连接到基站系统站，基站系统站再连接到操作和支持站；然后它连接到交换站，在那里呼叫被转移到它需要去的地方。 GSM 是最常见的标准，用于大多数手机。[14]
个人通信服务 (PCS)：PCS 是一种无线电频段，可供北美和南亚的手机使用。 Sprint 恰好是第一个设置 PCS 的服务。
D-AMPS：数字高级移动电话服务，AMPS 的升级版本，由于技术进步正在逐步淘汰。较新的 GSM 网络正在取代旧系统。

（7）Global area network
（全球区域网络）
A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs.[15]
全球局域网 (GAN) 是一种用于支持跨越任意数量的无线局域网、卫星覆盖区域等的移动的网络。移动通信的主要挑战是将用户通信从一个本地覆盖区域切换到另一个本地覆盖区域。 在 IEEE 项目 802 中，这涉及一系列地面无线 LAN。[15]

（8）Space network
Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA’s Space Network.

空间网络是用于航天器之间通信的网络，通常位于地球附近。 这方面的例子是美国宇航局的太空网络。

2 无线接口协议栈

无线接口协议栈主要分三层和两面。

三层包括：

网络层（L3）
数据链路层（L2）
物理层（L1）

两面指：
控制用户面
控制面

用户面协议栈即用户数据传输采用的协议簇，控制面协议栈即系统的控制信令传输采用的协议簇。从控制面上来看，两者的结构完全相同，如图所示：

4G

5G