在并发场景中用于解决线程安全的问题，我们会高频率的使用到独占式锁，通常使用java提供的关键字synchronized或者concurrents包中实现了Lock接口ReentrantLock。它们都是独占式获取锁，也就是在同一时刻只有一个线程能够获取锁。而读写锁ReentrantReadWriteLock在同一时刻可以允许多个读线程访问，但是在写线程访问时，所有的读线程和其他写线程均被阻塞。即ReentrantReadWriteLock允许多个读线程同时访问，但不允许写线程和读线程、写线程和写线程同时访问。
ReentrantReadWriteLock简介
在一些业务场景中，大部分只是读数据，写数据很少，如果仅仅是读数据的话并不会影响数据正确性（出现脏读），而如果在这种业务场景下，依然使用独占锁的话，很显然这将是出现性能瓶颈的地方。针对这种读多写少的情况，java还提供了另外一个实现Lock接口的ReentrantReadWriteLock(读写锁)。读写所允许同一时刻被多个读线程访问，但是在写线程访问时，所有的读线程和其他的写线程都会被阻塞。在分析WirteLock和ReadLock的互斥性时可以按照WriteLock与WriteLock之间，WriteLock与ReadLock之间以及ReadLock与ReadLock之间进行分析。这里对ReentrantReadWriteLock做一个归纳总结：
- 公平性选择：支持非公平性（默认）和公平的锁获取方式，吞吐量还是非公平优于公平；
- 重入性：支持重入，读锁获取后能再次获取，写锁获取之后能够再次获取写锁，同时也能够获取读锁；
- 锁降级：遵循获取写锁，获取读锁再释放写锁的次序，写锁能够降级成为读锁
要想能够彻底的理解读写锁必须能够理解这样几个问题：1. 读写锁是怎样实现分别记录读写状态的？2. 写锁是怎样获取和释放的？3.读锁是怎样获取和释放的？我们带着这样的三个问题，再去了解下读写锁。
ReentrantReadWriteLock实例
package com.thread;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
public class MyReadWriteLock{
private static volatile int value;
public Object handleRead(Lock lock) throws InterruptedException {
try {
lock.lock();// 模拟读操作
Thread.sleep(1000);// 假设单个读操作耗时1s,读操作的耗时越多，读写锁的优势越明显
return value;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void handleWrite(Lock lock, int index) throws InterruptedException {
try {
lock.lock();// 模拟写操作
Thread.sleep(1000);// 假设单个写操作耗时1s
value = index;
System.out.println(value);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
private static ReentrantReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();// 读写锁
private static ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readLock = readWriteLock.readLock();// 读锁
private static ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writeLock = readWriteLock.writeLock();// 写锁
// 读写锁中：允许多个线程读，所以8个读线程是完全并行的；
// 读写锁中：读-写互斥，及读阻塞写，写阻塞读；写写互斥，写写阻塞。所以两个写线程实际是串行的
public static void main(String[] args) {
final MyReadWriteLock myLock = new MyReadWriteLock();
Runnable readRunnable = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
Object v = myLock.handleRead(readLock);// 读锁
System.out.println(v);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
Runnable writeRunnable = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
myLock.handleWrite(writeLock, new Random().nextInt());// 写锁
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
new Thread(readRunnable).start();// 开启8个读线程
}
for (int j = 8; j < 10; j++) {
new Thread(writeRunnable).start();// 开启2个写线程
}
}
}
写锁详解
写锁的获取
同步组件的实现聚合了同步器（AQS），并通过重写同步器（AQS）中的方法实现同步组件的同步语义。因此，写锁的实现依然也是采用这种方式。在同一时刻写锁是不能被多个线程所获取，很显然写锁是独占式锁，而实现写锁的同步语义是通过重写AQS中的tryAcquire方法实现的。源码为:
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
/*
* Walkthrough:
* 1. If read count nonzero or write count nonzero
* and owner is a different thread, fail.
* 2. If count would saturate, fail. (This can only
* happen if count is already nonzero.)
* 3. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for lock if
* it is either a reentrant acquire or
* queue policy allows it. If so, update state
* and set owner.
*/
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
// 1. 获取写锁当前的同步状态
int c = getState();
// 2. 获取写锁获取的次数
int w = exclusiveCount(c);
if (c != 0) {
// (Note: if c != 0 and w == 0 then shared count != 0)
// 3.1 当读锁已被读线程获取或者当前线程不是已经获取写锁的线程的话
// 当前线程获取写锁失败
if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
return false;
if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
// Reentrant acquire
// 3.2 当前线程获取写锁，支持可重复加锁
setState(c + acquires);
return true;
}
// 3.3 写锁未被任何线程获取，当前线程可获取写锁
if (writerShouldBlock() ||
!compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
return false;
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
写锁的释放
写锁释放通过重写AQS的tryRelease方法，源码为：
protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
if (!isHeldExclusively())
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
//1. 同步状态减去写状态
int nextc = getState() - releases;
//2. 当前写状态是否为0，为0则释放写锁
boolean free = exclusiveCount(nextc) == 0;
if (free)
setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
//3. 不为0则更新同步状态
setState(nextc);
return free;
}
读锁详解
读锁的获取
看完了写锁，现在来看看读锁，读锁不是独占式锁，即同一时刻该锁可以被多个读线程获取也就是一种共享式锁。按照之前对AQS介绍，实现共享式同步组件的同步语义需要通过重写AQS的tryAcquireShared方法和tryReleaseShared方法。读锁的获取实现方法为：
protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {
/*
* Walkthrough:
* 1. If write lock held by another thread, fail.
* 2. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for
* lock wrt state, so ask if it should block
* because of queue policy. If not, try
* to grant by CASing state and updating count.
* Note that step does not check for reentrant
* acquires, which is postponed to full version
* to avoid having to check hold count in
* the more typical non-reentrant case.
* 3. If step 2 fails either because thread
* apparently not eligible or CAS fails or count
* saturated, chain to version with full retry loop.
*/
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
//1. 如果写锁已经被获取并且获取写锁的线程不是当前线程的话，当前
// 线程获取读锁失败返回-1
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1;
int r = sharedCount(c);
if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
r < MAX_COUNT &&
//2. 当前线程获取读锁
compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
//3. 下面的代码主要是新增的一些功能，比如getReadHoldCount()方法
//返回当前获取读锁的次数
if (r == 0) {
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
} else if (firstReader == current) {
firstReaderHoldCount++;
} else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
}
return 1;
}
//4. 处理在第二步中CAS操作失败的自旋已经实现重入性
return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
}
读锁的释放
读锁释放的实现主要通过方法tryReleaseShared，源码如下，主要逻辑请看注释：
protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
// 前面还是为了实现getReadHoldCount等新功能
if (firstReader == current) {
// assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
if (firstReaderHoldCount == 1)
firstReader = null;
else
firstReaderHoldCount--;
} else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
rh = readHolds.get();
int count = rh.count;
if (count <= 1) {
readHolds.remove();
if (count <= 0)
throw unmatchedUnlockException();
}
--rh.count;
}
for (;;) {
int c = getState();
// 读锁释放 将同步状态减去读状态即可
int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
// Releasing the read lock has no effect on readers,
// but it may allow waiting writers to proceed if
// both read and write locks are now free.
return nextc == 0;
}
}
锁降级
读写锁支持锁降级，遵循按照获取写锁，获取读锁再释放写锁的次序，写锁能够降级成为读锁，不支持锁升级，关于锁降级下面的示例代码摘自ReentrantWriteReadLock源码中：
void processCachedData() {
rwl.readLock().lock();
if (!cacheValid) {
// Must release read lock before acquiring write lock
rwl.readLock().unlock();
rwl.writeLock().lock();
try {
// Recheck state because another thread might have
// acquired write lock and changed state before we did.
if (!cacheValid) {
data = ...
cacheValid = true;
}
// Downgrade by acquiring read lock before releasing write lock
rwl.readLock().lock();
} finally {
rwl.writeLock().unlock(); // Unlock write, still hold read
}
}
try {
use(data);
} finally {
rwl.readLock().unlock();
}
}
}
本文小结
本文主要分析了读写锁的应用场景，以及读锁和写锁的源码分析，最后分析了锁降级有关的知识。
扫一扫
1899
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
