我的python学习笔记.创建和使用类

1、在python中，首字母大写的名称指的是类

1）方法_init_()

是一个特殊的方法，每当根据类创建新实例时，python都会自动运行它。_init_()至少包含一个形参self，还必须位于其他形参前面。当python调用这个_init_()方法来创建实例时，都自动传入实参self，每个与类相关联的方法调用都自动传递实参self，它是一个指向实例本身的引用，让实例能够访问类中的属性和方法。

2）以self为前缀的变量可供类中的所有方法是用，我们可以通过类中的任何实例来访问这些变量。像这样可通过实例访问的变量成为属性。

3）实例：

#helloword.py
class Dog():
      def _init_(self,name,age):
          self.name=name
          self.age=age
      def sit(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
      def roll_over(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" rolled over!")

2、根据类创建实例

#helloword.py
class Dog():
      def __init__(self,name,age):
          self.name=name
          self.age=age
      def sit(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
      def roll_over(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" rolled over!")
my_dog=Dog('jin',21)
print("My dog name is "+my_dog.name.title()+".")
print("My dog age is "+str(my_dog.age)+".")
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

输出为：

D:\www>python helloword.py
My dog name is Jin.
My dog age is 21.
Jin is now sitting.
Jin rolled over!

方法__init__()并未显式的包含return语句，但python自动返回一个表示这个小狗的实例。

3、继承

1）创建子类时，父类必须包含在当前文件中，且位于子类前面。super（）是一个特殊的函数，帮助python将父类和子类关联起来。

#helloword.py
class Dog():
      def __init__(self,name,age):
          self.name=name
          self.age=age
      def sit(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
      def roll_over(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" rolled over!")
class LittleDog(Dog):
     def __init__(self,name,age,weight):
          super().__init__(name,age)
          self.weight=weight
     
my_dog=LittleDog('jin',21,45)
print("My dog name is "+my_dog.name.title()+".")
print("My dog age is "+str(my_dog.age)+".")
print("My dog weight is "+str(my_dog.weight)+".")
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

输出为：

D:\www>python helloword.py
My dog name is Jin.
My dog age is 21.
My dog weight is 45.
Jin is now sitting.
Jin rolled over!

2）重写父类中的方法

使用继承时，可让子类保存从父类那里继承来的精华，剔除不必要的糟粕。

#helloword.py
class Dog():
      def __init__(self,name,age):
          self.name=name
          self.age=age
      def sit(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
      def roll_over(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" rolled over!")
class LittleDog(Dog):
      def __init__(self,name,age,weight):
          super().__init__(name,age)
          self.weight=weight
      def sit(self):
          print("LittleDog "+self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
     
my_dog=LittleDog('jin',21,45)
print("My dog name is "+my_dog.name.title()+".")
print("My dog age is "+str(my_dog.age)+".")
print("My dog weight is "+str(my_dog.weight)+".")
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

输出为：

D:\www>python helloword.py
My dog name is Jin.
My dog age is 21.
My dog weight is 45.
LittleDog Jin is now sitting.
Jin rolled over!

3）将实例用作属性

#helloword.py
class Dog():
      def __init__(self,name,age):
          self.name=name
          self.age=age
      def sit(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
      def roll_over(self):
          print(self.name.title()+" rolled over!")
class Meat():
      def __init__(self,weight=10):
          self.weight=weight
      def show(self):
          print("the meat weight is "+str(self.weight))
class LittleDog(Dog):
      def __init__(self,name,age,weight):
          super().__init__(name,age)
          self.weight=weight
          self.meat=Meat()
      def sit(self):
          print("LittleDog "+self.name.title()+" is now sitting.")
     
my_dog=LittleDog('jin',21,45)
print("My dog name is "+my_dog.name.title()+".")
print("My dog age is "+str(my_dog.age)+".")
print("My dog weight is "+str(my_dog.weight)+".")
my_dog.meat.show()
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

输出为：

D:\www>python helloword.py
My dog name is Jin.
My dog age is 21.
My dog weight is 45.
the meat weight is 10
LittleDog Jin is now sitting.
Jin rolled over!