Python Playwright实现高效自动化办公

1. Playwright简介

Playwright是一个强大的自动化测试和网页操作工具,由Microsoft开发。它支持Python、JavaScript、TypeScript等多种编程语言,可以自动化控制Chromium、Firefox和WebKit浏览器。相比Selenium等传统工具,Playwright具有以下优势:

• 跨浏览器支持
• 自动等待元素加载
• 强大的选择器引擎
• 网络请求拦截与修改
• 模拟移动设备
• 支持并发执行

2. 安装Playwright

使用pip安装Playwright及其依赖:

pip install playwright
playwright install

3. 基本使用

下面是一个简单的例子,演示如何使用Playwright打开网页并获取标题:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def run(playwright):
    browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto("https://www.baidu.com")
    print(page.title())
    browser.close()

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    run(playwright)

4. 元素定位与交互

Playwright提供了多种元素定位方式,如CSS选择器、XPath等。以下示例展示了如何在百度首页进行搜索:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def baidu_search(playwright):
    browser = playwright.chromium.launch(headless=False)
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto("https://www.baidu.com")
    
    # 定位搜索框并输入
    search_input = page.locator("#kw")
    search_input.fill("Playwright Python")
    
    # 点击搜索按钮
    search_button = page.locator("#su")
    search_button.click()
    
    # 等待搜索结果加载
    page.wait_for_load_state("networkidle")
    
    # 获取搜索结果
    results = page.locator(".result h3")
    for result in results.all():
        print(result.inner_text())
    
    browser.close()

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    baidu_search(playwright)

5. 截图与PDF导出

Playwright可以轻松实现网页截图和PDF导出功能:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def capture_and_export(playwright):
    browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto("https://www.example.com")
    
    # 截取全页面截图
    page.screenshot(path="example_full.png", full_page=True)
    
    # 截取指定元素截图
    element = page.locator("h1")
    element.screenshot(path="example_h1.png")
    
    # 导出为PDF
    page.pdf(path="example.pdf")
    
    browser.close()

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    capture_and_export(playwright)

6. 网络请求拦截与修改

Playwright允许拦截和修改网络请求,这在测试和调试中非常有用:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def intercept_requests(playwright):
    browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
    page = browser.new_page()
    
    def handle_request(route):
        if ".png" in route.request.url:
            route.abort()
        else:
            route.continue_()
    
    page.route("**/*", handle_request)
    page.goto("https://www.example.com")
    page.screenshot(path="no_images.png")
    browser.close()

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    intercept_requests(playwright)

7. 自动化表单填写

使用Playwright可以轻松实现表单的自动填写:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def fill_form(playwright):
    browser = playwright.chromium.launch(headless=False)
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto("https://www.example.com/form")
    
    # 填写文本框
    page.fill("#username", "testuser")
    page.fill("#password", "testpass")
    
    # 选择下拉菜单
    page.select_option("#country", "China")
    
    # 勾选复选框
    page.check("#agree")
    
    # 点击单选按钮
    page.click("#gender-male")
    
    # 提交表单
    page.click("input[type=submit]")
    
    page.wait_for_load_state("networkidle")
    browser.close()

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    fill_form(playwright)

8. 结语

Playwright为Python自动化办公提供了强大而灵活的工具。本文仅介绍了其基本用法,更多高级特性如并发执行、移动设备模拟、认证处理等,读者可以参考官方文档深入学习。相信掌握Playwright后,您的自动化办公效率将得到显著提升。

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