Python极简入门

基本数据类型：

数字：整型和浮点型正常使用，但是Python没有++和--操作符（x+=1）。

x = 3
print type(x) # Prints "<type 'int'>"
print x       # Prints "3"
print x + 1   # Addition; prints "4"
print x - 1   # Subtraction; prints "2"
print x * 2   # Multiplication; prints "6"
print x ** 2  # Exponentiation; prints "9"
x += 1
print x  # Prints "4"
x *= 2
print x  # Prints "8"
y = 2.5
print type(y) # Prints "<type 'float'>"
print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"
Python也有内置的长整型和复杂数字类型，先略。

布尔型：Python的所有布尔逻辑都用英语（and、or、not），而不是操作符（&|!）。

t = True
f = False
print type(t) # Prints "<type 'bool'>"
print t and f # Logical AND; prints "False"
print t or f  # Logical OR; prints "True"
print not t   # Logical NOT; prints "False"
print t != f  # Logical XOR; prints "True"

字符串：Python的字符串操作比较直接。

hello = 'hello'   # String literals can use single quotes
world = "world"   # or double quotes; it does not matter.
print hello       # Prints "hello"
print len(hello)  # String length; prints "5"
hw = hello + ' ' + world  # String concatenation
print hw  # prints "hello world"
hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12)  # sprintf style string formatting
print hw12  # prints "hello world 12"

还有一些常用的函数：首字母大写capitalize()、全部大写upper()、居左（中右）并填充空间rjust()、center()、替换replace()，清除空格（左、右或者两边）strip()。

s = "hello"
print s.capitalize()  # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"
print s.upper()       # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"
print s.rjust(7)      # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints "  hello"
print s.center(7)     # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "
print s.replace('l', '(ell)')  # Replace all instances of one substring with another;
                               # prints "he(ell)(ell)o"
print '  world '.strip()  # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"

容器（复杂数据类型）：有列表（lists）、字典（dictionaries）、集合（sets）、元祖（tuples）。

列表Lists就是Python的动态数组，长度可变而且可以包含不同的类型元素。

xs = [3, 1, 2]   # Create a list
print xs, xs[2]  # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"
print xs[-1]     # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo'    # Lists can contain elements of different types
print xs         # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar') # Add a new element to the end of the list
print xs         # Prints 
x = xs.pop()     # Remove and return the last element of the list
print x, xs      # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

Python还有一种简洁的语法--切片Slicing，作用是一次性获取列表中一块。

nums = range(5)    # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers
print nums         # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print nums[2:4]    # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"
print nums[2:]     # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"
print nums[:2]     # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"
print nums[:]      # Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print nums[:-1]    # Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]"
nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a slice
print nums         # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 8, 4]"

循环遍历：

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for animal in animals:
    print animal
# Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line.

如果在循环体内访问每个元素的指针，可以使用内置enumerate函数

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
    print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)
# Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line

列表推导（元素改变）

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = []
for x in nums:
    squares.append(x ** 2)
print squares   # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

也可以直接写

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums]
print squares   # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

还可以附加条件

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
print even_squares  # Prints "[0, 4, 16]"

字典：就是键值对

d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'}  # Create a new dictionary with some data
print d['cat']       # Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"
print 'cat' in d     # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"
d['fish'] = 'wet'    # Set an entry in a dictionary
print d['fish']      # Prints "wet"
# print d['monkey']  # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d
print d.get('monkey', 'N/A')  # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"
print d.get('fish', 'N/A')    # Get an element with a default; prints "wet"
del d['fish']        # Remove an element from a dictionary
print d.get('fish', 'N/A') # "fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"

循环访问

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal in d:
    legs = d[animal]
    print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

如果访问相应的键值，可以用iteritems方法

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal, legs in d.iteritems():
    print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

字典推导

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}
print even_num_to_square  # Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"

集合：独立不同个体的无序集合。

animals = {'cat', 'dog'}
print 'cat' in animals   # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"
print 'fish' in animals  # prints "False"
animals.add('fish')      # Add an element to a set
print 'fish' in animals  # Prints "True"
print len(animals)       # Number of elements in a set; prints "3"
animals.add('cat')       # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing
print len(animals)       # Prints "3"
animals.remove('cat')    # Remove an element from a set
print len(animals)       # Prints "2"

循环，和列表一样但是集合是无序的，访问集合元素不存在顺序假设

animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
    print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)
# Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"

推导

from math import sqrt
nums = {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}
print nums  # Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"

元组：一个值的有序列表（不可改变），和列表很像，不同在于元组可以在字典里用作键、集合的元素，但是列表不行。

d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)}  # Create a dictionary with tuple keys
print d
t = (5, 6)       # Create a tuple
print type(t)    # Prints "<type 'tuple'>"
print d[t]       # Prints "5"
print d[(1, 2)]  # Prints "1"

函数：def

def sign(x):
    if x > 0:
        return 'positive'
    elif x < 0:
        return 'negative'
    else:
        return 'zero'

for x in [-1, 0, 1]:
    print sign(x)
# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"

也可以使用参数缺省值

def hello(name, loud=False):
    if loud:
        print 'HELLO, %s' % name.upper()
    else:
        print 'Hello, %s!' % name

hello('Bob') # Prints "Hello, Bob"
hello('Fred', loud=True)  # Prints "HELLO, FRED!"

类：class，def __init__

class Greeter(object):

    # Constructor
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # Create an instance variable

    # Instance method
    def greet(self, loud=False):
        if loud:
            print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper()
        else:
            print 'Hello, %s' % self.name

g = Greeter('Fred')  # Construct an instance of the Greeter class
g.greet()            # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"
g.greet(loud=True)   # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"