C语言记录

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-03 03:56:18 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-09-03 03:56:18 发布

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分类专栏： C language

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33166886/article/details/84751126

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1.定义一个宏#define swap(x,y)交换x,y的值

#include "stdio.h"
#define swap(x,y) {\
y = x + y ;\
x = y - x ;\
y = y - x ;\
}
int main()
{
        int a = 10;
        int b = 20;
        swap(a,b);
        printf("a:%d,b:%d\n",a,b);
        return 0;
}

2.堆栈溢出的原因：

1.函数调用太深（函数调用时会先入栈，也就是保护现场的产生的变量）（栈溢出）
2.动态申请的空间使用后没有释放（堆溢出）
3.数组访问越界
4.指针非法访问
5.局部数组过大

3.堆栈的释放

1.堆：由malloc分配，由free释放，也就是说程序员自己申请的空间自己释放
2.栈：由编译器释放

4.ifndef/define/endif 的作用

防止该头文件被重复引用

void test1()
{
　　char string[10];
　　char* str1 = "0123456789";
　　strcpy(string, str1);
}
编译器报错，原因：str1实际占11个字节，数组越界

void test1()
{
        int *p = NULL;
        char *p1 = NULL;
        char string[10];
        char *str1 = "01234567890";
        strcpy(string, str1);
        printf("int *:%ld,char *:%ld\n",sizeof(p),sizeof(p1));
        printf("string size:%ld,str1 size:%ld\n",sizeof(string),sizeof(str1));
        printf("string:%s\n",string);
}
int main()
{
        int a = 10;
        int b = 20;
        swap(a,b);
        printf("a:%d,b:%d\n",a,b);
        test1();//error
        return 0;
}

输出结果：
a:20,b:10
int *:8,char *:8
string size:10,str1 size:8

7.set & clear

set:|=
clear:&=~

8.内存对齐

https://blog.csdn.net/sssssuuuuu666/article/details/75175108

9.进程间通信的几种方式

无名管道、有名管道、消息队列、信号、信号量、共享内存

10.大端小端

大端：高字节低地址

小端：高字节高地址

11.

测试程序：

#include "stdio.h"
#include "string.h"
#define swap(x,y) \
y = x + y ;\
x = y - x ;\
y = y - x ;

struct s1
{
  int i;
  int j;
  int a;
  double b;
};

struct s2
{
  int i;
  int j;
  double b;
  int a;
};
void test2()
{
	int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
	int *ptr=(int *)(&a+1);
	printf("%d,%d\n",*(a+1),*(ptr-1));
}
void test1()
{
	int *p = NULL;
	char *p1 = NULL;
	char string[10];
	char *str1 = "01234567890";
	strcpy(string, str1);
	printf("int size:%ld\n",sizeof(int));
	printf("int *:%ld,char *:%ld\n",sizeof(p),sizeof(p1));
	printf("string size:%ld,str1 size:%ld\n",sizeof(string),sizeof(str1));
	printf("string:%s\n",string);
}
void test4()
{
	int i=0;
	switch(i){
		case 1:i=2;
		case 3:i=4;
		case 5:i=6;
		default:i=8;
	}
	printf("i = %d\n",i);
}
void test5()
{
	char c = 130;
	char c2 = 8;
	printf("(int)c = %d,c2 = %d\n",(int)c,(int)c2);//c = -126 原码 = 反码 + 1；-130 = 1000 0010 反：1 111 1101 + 1 = 1 111 1110（-126）
}
int main()
{
	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	struct s1 s_1;
	struct s2 s_2;
	swap(a,b);
	printf("a:%d,b:%d\n",a,b);
	printf("test1\n");
	test1();//error
	printf("test2\n");
	test2();
	printf("test3\n");
	printf("sizeof(s1)= %ld\n",sizeof(s_1));
	printf("sizeof(s2)= %ld\n",sizeof(s_2));
	printf("test4\n");
	test4();
	printf("test5\n");
	test5();
	return 0;
}

12.整数反转

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#define INT_MAX  2147483647 
#define INT_MIN  -2147483648

int conver(int a){
        int num = 0;
        int r_num = 0;
        while(a>0){
                if (num > INT_MAX/10 || (num == INT_MAX / 10 && a%10 > 7)) return 0;
        if (num < INT_MIN/10 || (num == INT_MIN / 10 && a%10 < -8)) return 0;
                num = num * 10 + a%10;
                a = a/10;

        }
        return num;

}

int main(){
        int a = 0;
        scanf("%d",&a);
        printf("%d\n",conver(a));

}

13.Big-Little-Endian

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int test(){
        unsigned int num = 0x12345678;
        unsigned short test = num;
        if(test == 0x1234)
                return 1;//big
        else
                return 0;//little
}

int main(){
        int i = test();
        if(i == 0)
                printf("little\n");
        else
                printf("big\n");
}

14.malloc

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

void getmemory(char *p)
{
	p=(char *) malloc(100);
	strcpy(p,"hello world");
}

int main(){
	
	int *p ;
	p = malloc(1);

	*p = 5;
	printf("%d\n",*p);

	char *s;
	s = (char *)malloc(0);
	if(s == NULL)
		printf("NULL\n");	
	else
		printf("valid\n");
	printf("%d\n",s);
	
	printf(" sizeof(p) :%ld\n",sizeof(p));
	printf(" sizeof(s) :%ld\n",sizeof(s));

	printf(" sizeof(int) :%ld\n",sizeof(int));
	printf(" sizeof(char) :%ld\n",sizeof(char));
	printf(" sizeof(short) :%ld\n",sizeof(short));

	free(p);
	free(s);

/*
	char *str=NULL;
	getmemory(str);//Segmentation fault (core dumped)
	printf("%s\n",str);
	free(str);
*/

	char szstr[10];
	strcpy(szstr,"0123456789");
	printf("%s\n",szstr);

	return 0;
}

15.atoi实现

int myatoi(char* str) {
    int num=0,c;
    int len,s;
    int convert = 1;
    len = strlen(str);

    if(strlen(str) == 0){
            printf("NULL\n");
            return 0;
    }
    for(int i=0;i<len;i++){
	if(str[i]==' ') continue;
        else {
            if(str[i]=='-'||str[i]=='+'||(str[i]>='0'&&str[i]<='9')){
                s = i;
                break;
            }else return 0;
        }
    }    
	if(str[s] == '-'){
	    s++;
	    convert = -1;
	}else if(str[s] == '+'){
	    s++;
	}
    for(int i=s;i<len&&(str[i]>='0'&&str[i]<='9');i++){
            c = str[i] - '0';
            if(convert == 1){
                if(num > 2147483647/10 || (num == 2147483647/10 && c > 7) )
                    return 2147483647;
            }
            else{
                if(num > 2147483648/10 || (num == 2147483648/10 && c > 8) )
                    return -2147483648;
            }
            num = num * 10 + c;
    }
    return num*convert;
}

16.itoa实现

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define INT_MAX  2147483647 
#define INT_MIN  -2147483648

int myatoi(const char *s){
	int num=0,c;
	int len;
	len = strlen(s);
	
	if(strlen(s) == 0){
		printf("NULL\n");
		return -1;
	}
	for(int i=0;i<len;i++){
		if(s[i]>='0'&&s[i]<='9'){
			c = s[i] - '0';
			num = num * 10 + c;
		}
	}
	if(s[0] == '-')
		return -num;
	else
		return num;

	
}

int myitoa(int n,char *s){
	int c;
	int num = n;
	int i=0;
	int len = 0;
	char _c;
	if(num<0){
		s[i] = '-';
		num = -num;
		i++;
	}
	if(num == 0){
		s[0] = '0';
		return 0;
	}
	while(num){
		c = num%10;
		s[i] = c + '0';
		num /=10;
		i++;
	}
	s[i] = '\0';
	len = i-1;
	if(n<0){
		i = 1;
	}
	else{
		i = 0;
	}
	printf("%s\n",s);
	while(i<len){
		_c = s[i];
		s[i] = s[len];
		s[len] = _c;	
		i++;
		len--;
	}
	return 0;
}

int main(){
	char num[50];
	int n;
	printf("please input you need conver num\n");
	scanf("%d",&n);
	myitoa(n,num);	
	printf("conver result : %s\n",num);
	return 0;
}

17.compare_zero

#include <stdio.h>


int main(){
        const float zero = 0;

        float test = 0.0000001;

        if(test == zero)
                printf("zero");
        else
                printf("%.8f\n",test);

        printf("%.10f\n",zero);
        return 0;
}

18.string_conver

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int conver(char *s){
	char *p1,*p2,c;
	p2 = s;
	p1 = s;
	if(strlen(s) == 0){
		printf("conver failed\n");
		return -1;
	}
	while(*p2!='\0'){
		p2++;
	}
	p2--;
	while(p1<p2){
		c = *p1;
		*p1  = *p2;
		*p2 = c;
		p1++;
		p2--;
	}
	return 0;
}

int main(){
	char s[50] ;
	scanf("%s",s);
	
	conver(s);
	printf("%s\n",s);	
	return 0;
}