共享内存映射之mmap()函数详解
本文转自:http://blog.csdn.net/chdhust/article/details/8159397
一. 传统文件访问
UNIX访问文件的传统方法是用open打开它们, 如果有多个进程访问同一个文件, 则每一个进程在自己的地址空间都包含有该
文件的副本,这不必要地浪费了存储空间. 下图说明了两个进程同时读一个文件的同一页的情形. 系统要将该页从磁盘读到高
速缓冲区中, 每个进程再执行一个存储器内的复制操作将数据从高速缓冲区读到自己的地址空间.
二. 共享存储映射
现在考虑另一种处理方法: 进程A和进程B都将该页映射到自己的地址空间, 当进程A第一次访问该页中的数据时, 它生成一
个缺页中断. 内核此时读入这一页到内存并更新页表使之指向它.以后, 当进程B访问同一页面而出现缺页中断时, 该页已经在
内存, 内核只需要将进程B的页表登记项指向次页即可. 如下图所示:
三、mmap()及其相关系统调用
mmap()系统调用使得进程之间通过映射同一个普通文件实现共享内存。普通文件被映射到进程地址空间后,进程可以向访
问普通内存一样对文件进行访问,不必再调用read(),write()等操作。
mmap()系统调用形式如下:
void* mmap ( void * addr , size_t len , int prot , int flags , int fd , off_t offset )
mmap的作用是映射文件描述符fd指定文件的 [off,off + len]区域至调用进程的[addr, addr + len]的内存区域, 如下图所示:
参数fd为即将映射到进程空间的文件描述字,一般由open()返回,同时,fd可以指定为-1,此时须指定flags参数中的
MAP_ANON,表明进行的是匿名映射(不涉及具体的文件名,避免了文件的创建及打开,很显然只能用于具有亲缘关系的
进程间通信)。
len是映射到调用进程地址空间的字节数,它从被映射文件开头offset个字节开始算起。
prot 参数指定共享内存的访问权限。可取如下几个值的或:PROT_READ(可读) , PROT_WRITE (可写), PROT_EXEC (可执行), PROT_NONE(不可访问)。
flags由以下几个常值指定:MAP_SHARED , MAP_PRIVATE , MAP_FIXED,其中,MAP_SHARED , MAP_PRIVATE必
选其一,而MAP_FIXED则不推荐使用。
offset参数一般设为0,表示从文件头开始映射。
参数addr指定文件应被映射到进程空间的起始地址,一般被指定一个空指针,此时选择起始地址的任务留给内核来完成。函
数的返回值为最后文件映射到进程空间的地址,进程可直接操作起始地址为该值的有效地址。
- aaaaaaaaa
- bbbbbbbbb
- ccccccccc
- ddddddddd
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <error.h>
- #define BUF_SIZE 100
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- int fd, nread, i;
- struct stat sb;
- char *mapped, buf[BUF_SIZE];
- for (i = 0; i < BUF_SIZE; i++) {
- buf[i] = '#';
- }
- /* 打开文件 */
- if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
- perror("open");
- }
- /* 获取文件的属性 */
- if ((fstat(fd, &sb)) == -1) {
- perror("fstat");
- }
- /* 将文件映射至进程的地址空间 */
- if ((mapped = (char *)mmap(NULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ |
- PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0)) == (void *)-1) {
- perror("mmap");
- }
- /* 映射完后, 关闭文件也可以操纵内存 */
- close(fd);
- printf("%s", mapped);
- /* 修改一个字符,同步到磁盘文件 */
- mapped[20] = '9';
- if ((msync((void *)mapped, sb.st_size, MS_SYNC)) == -1) {
- perror("msync");
- }
- /* 释放存储映射区 */
- if ((munmap((void *)mapped, sb.st_size)) == -1) {
- perror("munmap");
- }
- return 0;
- }
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <error.h>
- #define BUF_SIZE 100
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- int fd, nread, i;
- struct stat sb;
- char *mapped, buf[BUF_SIZE];
- for (i = 0; i < BUF_SIZE; i++) {
- buf[i] = '#';
- }
- /* 打开文件 */
- if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
- perror("open");
- }
- /* 获取文件的属性 */
- if ((fstat(fd, &sb)) == -1) {
- perror("fstat");
- }
- /* 将文件映射至进程的地址空间 */
- if ((mapped = (char *)mmap(NULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ |
- PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0)) == (void *)-1) {
- perror("mmap");
- }
- /* 文件已在内存, 关闭文件也可以操纵内存 */
- close(fd);
- /* 每隔两秒查看存储映射区是否被修改 */
- while (1) {
- printf("%s\n", mapped);
- sleep(2);
- }
- return 0;
- }
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <error.h>
- #define BUF_SIZE 100
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- int fd, nread, i;
- struct stat sb;
- char *mapped, buf[BUF_SIZE];
- for (i = 0; i < BUF_SIZE; i++) {
- buf[i] = '#';
- }
- /* 打开文件 */
- if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
- perror("open");
- }
- /* 获取文件的属性 */
- if ((fstat(fd, &sb)) == -1) {
- perror("fstat");
- }
- /* 私有文件映射将无法修改文件 */
- if ((mapped = (char *)mmap(NULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ |
- PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0)) == (void *)-1) {
- perror("mmap");
- }
- /* 映射完后, 关闭文件也可以操纵内存 */
- close(fd);
- /* 修改一个字符 */
- mapped[20] = '9';
- return 0;
- }
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #define BUF_SIZE 100
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- char *p_map;
- /* 匿名映射,创建一块内存供父子进程通信 */
- p_map = (char *)mmap(NULL, BUF_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
- MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
- if(fork() == 0) {
- sleep(1);
- printf("child got a message: %s\n", p_map);
- sprintf(p_map, "%s", "hi, dad, this is son");
- munmap(p_map, BUF_SIZE); //实际上,进程终止时,会自动解除映射。
- exit(0);
- }
- sprintf(p_map, "%s", "hi, this is father");
- sleep(2);
- printf("parent got a message: %s\n", p_map);
- return 0;
- }
总结一下就是, 文件大小, mmap的参数 len 都不能决定进程能访问的大小, 而是容纳文件被映射部分的最小页面数决定
进程能访问的大小. 下面看一个实例:
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- int fd,i;
- int pagesize,offset;
- char *p_map;
- struct stat sb;
- /* 取得page size */
- pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
- printf("pagesize is %d\n",pagesize);
- /* 打开文件 */
- fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR, 00777);
- fstat(fd, &sb);
- printf("file size is %zd\n", (size_t)sb.st_size);
- offset = 0;
- p_map = (char *)mmap(NULL, pagesize * 2, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
- MAP_SHARED, fd, offset);
- close(fd);
- p_map[sb.st_size] = '9'; /* 导致总线错误 */
- p_map[pagesize] = '9'; /* 导致段错误 */
- munmap(p_map, pagesize * 2);
- return 0;
- }
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