Tourist behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes

Chapter 8 Synthesis and Further Analysis

Introduction

The amount of information on tourism topics flowing through the world’s multiple communication channels is daunting to the researcher, the student and the practitioner. Lew et al. (2004) observe that there are more than 80 tourism journals, each of which produces at least 100 pages of text annually. As well as scholarly journals, there are rising numbers of monographs, edited books, technical reports, website publications and conference proceedings. Tourism is studied and reported in many languages and the work of analysts in Spanish, Korean, French, Mandarin, Dutch, Turkish and Croatian constitutes a long and continuing contribution to global analysis.
通过研究人员，学生和从业人员流传遍及世界的多种交流渠道的有关旅游主题的信息量令人望而生畏。卢等人。 （2004年）观察到有80多个旅游期刊，每个期刊每年至少生产100页文字。除学术期刊外，专着，编辑书籍，技术报告，网站出版物和会议记录的数量也在增加。对旅游业进行了多种语言的研究和报道，西班牙语，韩语，法语，普通话，荷兰语，土耳其语和克罗地亚语的分析人员的工作对全球分析做出了长期而持续的贡献。
For the author and readers of a book such as this, the information-flow problem is an acute one, since the advent of ‘the latest’ literature might be seen to prompt any author into a never-ending cycle of revisions and, further, to prompt readers to doubt if the work reported is indeed ‘up to date’ or still useful. As noted in Chapter 1, Wurman (1989) suggested that an intelligent response to such deluges of information is to be guided by a map or system, thus avoiding totally time-dependent limitations. In brief, this volume has attempted to provide an overall outline and a set of conceptual schemes to guide readers in, through and around enduring topics in tourist behaviour. These achievements will be summarised in this final chapter, and then placed in an even broader framework of tourism studies and their purpose. Using this larger framework, suggestions for the continuing conceptual and methodological development of tourist behaviour studies will then be outlined.
对于像这样的书的作者和读者来说，信息流问题是一个尖锐的问题，因为可能会看到“最新”文献的出现促使任何作者进入一个永无止境的修订周期，而且，提示读者怀疑所报道的作品是否确实是“最新的”或仍然有用。如第一章所述，Wurman（1989）提出，对此类信息泛滥的智能响应应以地图或系统为指导，从而避免完全依赖时间的局限性。简而言之，本册试图提供一个总体概述和一系列概念性方案，以指导读者了解旅游行为中的持久主题，并贯穿其中。这些成就将在最后一章中概述，然后放在旅游研究及其目的的更广泛框架中。然后，将使用这个更大的框架来概述有关游客行为研究的持续概念和方法发展的建议。

Conceptual Schemes and Tourist Behaviour

The early pages of this volume raised the question of who is interested or concerned with tourist behaviour. The answers provided identified an array of interested parties: tourists themselves, tourist business operators, public management agency personnel, tourism researchers and analysts and, occasionally, media figures and politicians. This kind of broad answer to such a basic question has shaped the range of topics and studies discussed. Further, it allowed the presentation of key topics to vary and hence meet some different kinds of needs likely to be expressed by interested parties. For example, integral or internal benchmarking approaches to satisfaction were presented, and these are likely to be of direct interest to tourist managers. By way of contrast, few people in the tourist business are likely to be overly concerned with how much tourists learn, or what skills they develop during travelling, whereas interpretive officers working in public management agencies might find this to be core information that helps them appraise their own performance. In a less functional mode, tourists themselves may be quite interested in their own ability to cope in a cross-cultural encounter, and find it rewarding to analyse their experiences and read about and compare them with the adventures and misadventures of others.
本卷的前几页提出了一个问题，即谁对游客的行为感兴趣或与谁有关。提供的答案确定了一系列感兴趣的团体：游客本身，游客业务经营者，公共管理机构人员，旅游研究人员和分析人员，以及媒体人物和政客。对这样一个基本问题的广泛回答决定了所讨论的主题和研究的范围。此外，它使关键主题的呈现方式有所不同，从而满足了有兴趣的各方可能表达的一些不同种类的需求。例如，提出了用于满意度的整体或内部基准测试方法，这些方法可能会引起旅游管理者的直接兴趣。相比之下，旅游业中很少有人会过度关注游客学到了多少东西，或者他们在旅行中发展了什么技能，而在公共管理机构工作的解释人员可能会发现这是有助于他们评估的核心信息。自己的表现。在功能较少的情况下，游客自己可能会对自己应对跨文化相遇的能力非常感兴趣，并发现分析他们的经历并与他人的冒险和不幸经历进行阅读和比较，对他们是有益的。
A brief return to the problem of information flow and a tourism-derived metaphor might help to clarify the purpose and consequence of approaching tourist behaviour by developing and enhancing a set of conceptual schemes. The great waterfalls of the world – Niagara, Victoria, Iguazu – are all characterised by rushing and apparently ceaseless torrents of water. Any analyst of tourist behaviour occupies a position akin to a thirsty traveller standing at the base of such waterfalls endeavouring to drink. As reported already in this chapter, the flow of information is torrential, so simply being a passive recipient is unlikely to be effective. Our would-be analyst, like our thirsty traveller, needs ways of imposing some order on at least subsections of the torrent. The conceptual schemes developed in and deduced from the tourist behaviour studies reported here may not last for a long time; they maybe first approximations in our ability to catch some of the core information flow but they represent convenient containers for personal and shared synthesis and survival.
简单地回到信息流的问题和旅游业衍生的隐喻，可能有助于通过发展和加强一套概念方案来阐明探讨旅游者行为的目的和后果。尼亚加拉、维多利亚、伊瓜苏等世界上最伟大的瀑布都以奔腾的水流为特征。任何一个旅游者行为的分析者所占据的位置都类似于一个口渴的旅行者站在瀑布底部试图喝水。正如本章已经提到的，信息的流动是急流的，因此仅仅作为一个被动的接受者是不可能有效的。我们未来的分析师，就像我们饥渴的旅行者一样，至少需要在激流的各个部分强加一些秩序。在这里报告的旅游行为研究中开发和推导的概念方案可能不会持续很长时间；它们可能是我们捕捉一些核心信息流能力的第一个近似值，但它们代表了个人和共享合成和生存的便利容器。
Table 8.1 summarises many of the themes and schemes highlighted in this volume. It is not a complete rendering of all the concepts discussed but it does serve as a marker of areas of attention and achievement.
表8.1总结了本卷中突出显示的许多主题和方案。它不是所有讨论概念的完整呈现，但确实可以作为关注和成就领域的标志。
Two topics are slightly hidden from view in Table 8.1. First, the variety of topics and schemes obscures the issue of how the tourist has been seen and considered throughout this volume. The challenge here is to articulate clearly the overarching view of the tourist developed in previous chapters in order to examine the consistency and utility of the approach. A second topic is also lurking within Table 8.1 and is manifested at times in previous chapters. This is the style of research undertaken and its usefulness to the larger tourism world. This concern is informed by broader sociological and epistemological accounts of the overall purpose of tourism research. While the two topics are ultimately connected, since how one views the tourist is usually linked to the purpose of the research, the two covert issues can be addressed in separate ways. The first concern will be examined by drawing together comments made in previous chapters on how tourists behave and how the tourist can be viewed. The larger yet interconnected issue of the style of tourism research requires its own treatment and a model of contemporary tourism study.
表8.1从视图中略微隐藏了两个主题。首先，主题和方案的多样性掩盖了在本书中如何看待和考虑游客的问题。这里的挑战是清楚地阐明前几章中开发的游客的总体观点，以检验该方法的一致性和实用性。第二个主题也潜伏在表8.1中，有时会在前面的章节中体现出来。这是所进行的研究的风格，对更广阔的旅游世界很有用。对旅游研究总体目标的更广泛的社会学和认识论解释使人们对此感到担忧。虽然这两个主题最终是联系在一起的，但由于通常如何将游客的看法与研究目的联系在一起，所以可以用不同的方式解决这两个秘密问题。将通过汇总前几章中有关游客的行为方式以及如何看待游客的评论来研究第一个关注点。旅游研究风格的更大而又相互联系的问题需要它自己的处理和当代旅游研究的模型。

Studying the Tourist

It was noted in Chapter 1 that the present treatment of tourist behaviour is enriched by, but not very dependent on, a distillation of personal experiences. It relies much more on the empirical work and conceptual contributions of an immediate and extended research circle with valuable and numerous contributions from a wider college of authors. This approach sees observable activities and mental processes guiding and resulting from social life as the content area of tourist behaviour study. It recognises the role of the human body and its physical characteristics as worthy of some attention in appraising how people deal with and respond to new settings. Tourist behaviour is seen as distinct from consumer behaviour partly because tourism has distinctive phases of experience and partly because tourists have the power to transform their ongoing product experiences. Consumer behaviour research is seen to be an inexact and imperfect match in studying large sections of tourist behaviour. There are multiple extensions and links between tourists and other terms of interest, including customers, clients, users, visitors and, at times, consumers. Tourist behaviour is arguably important to many parties and stakeholders; it is a foundation for much tourism study but is certainly not core to all tourism topics and research concerns.
在第一章中指出，目前对游客行为的处理通过但不十分依赖于个人经历的提炼而得到了丰富。它更多地依赖于即时研究和扩展研究界的经验工作和概念性贡献，以及来自更广泛的作者学院的宝贵而大量的贡献。这种方法将可观察到的活动和心理过程视为由社会生活指导和引导的结果，并将其作为游客行为研究的内容领域。它认识到人体的作用及其身体特征在评估人们如何应对和应对新环境方面值得关注。人们将旅游行为与消费者行为区分开来，部分原因是旅游具有不同的体验阶段，部分原因是旅游者有能力改变其正在进行的产品体验。在研究大部分游客行为时，消费者行为研究被认为是不精确和不完美的匹配。游客和其他感兴趣的条款（包括客户，客户，用户，访问者，有时还包括消费者）之间存在多种扩展和链接。可以说，游客的行为对许多政党和利益相关者都很重要。它是许多旅游研究的基础，但当然不是所有旅游主题和研究关注的核心。
Chapter 2 identified the value of seeing some broad commonalities in tourist behaviour while remaining aware of the sin of homogenisation – the tendency to be overly simplistic or overgeneralise about tourists. It reviewed some stereotypes about tourists and offered the insight that such stereotypes revealed much about the values and needs of the commentators presenting them. It introduced the value of a social representations framework, as a way of describing not just how tourists themselves view the world, but also how analysts view tourists viewing the world. Tourists were depicted as filling roles, but an active view of the older versions of role theory was portrayed, with role performances being variously embraced or modified or against which rebellion was sought. The basic role responsibilities of the tourist as externally defined by some commentators were considered, particularly as these formulations apply to the important topic of promoting sustainable tourist behaviour. The implicit ability of tourists to control their world in these prescriptive statements effectively reinforces earlier emphases on the socially active and self-determining experience view of tourists. The tourist as an outsider, a person who moves through a community and has a privileged viewing and interaction status was considered. The mobility of the tourist was further emphasised in frameworks where transition phases in the travel journey were noted as tourists move from ordinary profane states of being through liminoid or threshold modes where life’s possibilities are expanded before once again returning them to the profane. There is a structured inevitability to these liminoid views of the tourists’ journey, but it is not incompatible with the sub-text view that the tourist still has to work at the encounters and learn how to manage new people in new settings.
第2章确定了在游客行为上看到一些普遍共通点的价值，同时又意识到同质化的罪过-对游客过于简单化或过于笼统的倾向。它回顾了一些关于游客的刻板印象，并提供了这样的见解，即这些刻板印象揭示了很多与之相关的评论者的价值观和需求。它介绍了社交代表框架的价值，不仅描述了游客自己如何看待世界，还描述了分析师如何看待游客对世界的看法。游客被描绘为扮演着重要的角色，但是描绘了对角色理论的较早版本的活跃观点，其中角色表演被不同地接受或修改，或者寻求叛逆。考虑了一些评论员从外部定义的游客的基本角色责任，特别是因为这些提法适用于促进可持续游客行为的重要主题。在这些说明性陈述中，游客具有控制世界的内在能力，有效地加强了游客对社交活动和自我决定性体验观的早期重视。认为游客是局外人，是在社区中移动并具有特权的观看和互动状态的人。游客的流动性在框架中得到了进一步强调，在框架中指出了旅行者的过渡阶段，即游客从普通亵渎状态转变为类齿形或阈值模式，在此模式中生活的可能性得以扩大，然后再次回到亵渎状态。这些关于游客旅途的类似观点存在结构上的必然性，但这与游客仍然必须在相遇时学习并学习如何在新的环境中管理新人的亚文本观点是不矛盾的。
The consistent theme that the tourist has agency (power to influence how his or her experience is formed) was reinforced by an account of culture shock, where mental and physical preparations were seen as the allies of effective performance as judged by reduced stress on the inter- acting parties. Tourist behaviour in the cross-cultural context, it was argued, differs from that of diplomats, business persons and migrants owing to the stimulation associated with achieving short-term goals in novel settings. Tourists exist in three cultures (a tourist culture, the host culture and residual elements of their accompanying home culture), and a portrayal of their behaviour can be conceptualised in the interaction of these tri-cultural frameworks. Tripographics, unlike demographics, represents a set of variables that uniquely portray tourist behaviour in external, etic classificatory frameworks. These variables include activity profiles, trip purpose, travel arrangements, length of stay and destination visit patterns. Tourists are also often understood and cast within the framework of their product choices. In particular, tourists classified as generalists or specialists or variants along such a continuum represent another researcher- derived scheme for organising visitor segments. Chapter 2 concluded with a model classifying tourists according to pre-travel experience commitment, the on-site style of interacting with the setting and post-experience outcomes. The tourist role in summary was seen as ambiguous, open to restructuring and requiring physical and psychological work and adjustment.
通过对文化冲击的说明，强化了游客具有代理权（影响他或她的经历形成的力量）的一贯主题，即通过减少对人际关系的压力来判断，心理和身体准备被视为有效表演的盟友。 -代理方。有人认为，由于在新颖的环境中实现短期目标的刺激，跨文化背景下的游客行为不同于外交官，商务人士和移民。游客存在于三种文化中（一种旅游文化，一种寄主文化以及其伴随的家庭文化的残余成分），并且可以在这三种文化框架的相互作用中概念化地描述他们的行为。与人口统计学不同，三部曲代表了一组变量，这些变量在外部，动机分类框架中独特地描绘了游客的行为。这些变量包括活动概况，旅行目的，旅行安排，停留时间和目的地访问方式。游客也经常在其产品选择的框架内被了解和吸引。尤其是，沿着这样一个连续统被分类为通才，专家或变体的游客代表了另一种由研究人员衍生的，用于组织游客群体的方案。第2章总结了一个模型，该模型根据旅行前的体验承诺，与环境互动的现场风格和体验后的结果对游客进行分类。摘要中的游客角色被认为是模棱两可的，需要进行结构调整，需要进行身体和心理上的工作和调整。
Chapters 3 and 4 offered more specific tailored understandings of tourists’ mental processes and cognitive states. In Chapter 3 where the concern was with developing one specific approach to tourist motivation, it was argued, and evidence was provided to support the view, that travellers exhibit changing motivational patterns over life stages and with mounting levels of travel experience. The pattern of motives is dynamic, reflecting both individual and larger social change. Tourist behaviour is accounted for by more than one single motive. The framework for examining the tourist here mixes emic and etic accounts. The perspective of the tourist as assessed with standardised response scales is built on an emic measure that comprehensively appraises tourists’ range of motives. In the material reviewed on destination-image, the tourist is depicted as both a passive collector of information and an active seeker of destination-based material. The phasing of these two tourist styles depends on the would be traveller’s position in a destination choice process, with the more purposeful and continuing information collection occurring when the choices are becoming more emphatic. Social processes and relationships are heavily implicated in collecting information and guaranteeing its quality. Additionally social dynamics frequently operate to situate the tourist in a travel party where compromise and the promise of mutual fulfilment guide the tourist’s choice behaviour.
第3章和第4章针对游客的心理过程和认知状态提供了更具体的量身定制的理解。在第3章中，人们关注的是开发一种特定的旅游动机方法，并提供了证据来支持这一观点，即旅行者在生活阶段和旅行体验水平不断提高的情况下展现出不断变化的动机模式。动机的模式是动态的，既反映了个人的变化，也反映了更大的社会变化。游客的行为是由多于一个的动机造成的。这里检查游客的框架混合了主语和主语。用标准化反应量表评估的游客观点建立在全面评估游客动机范围的主观衡量标准之上。在关于目的地图像的资料中，游客被描述为既是信息的被动收集者又是基于目的地的资料的主动寻求者。这两种风格的旅游逐步依赖于将游客在目的地的选择过程中的位置，与当选择变得更加有力发生的更有针对性和持续的信息收集。社会过程和关系在收集信息和保证信息质量方面有很大的牵连。此外，社交动因经常使游客处于旅行聚会中，妥协和共同实现的希望引导着游客的选择行为。
In Chapter 5, which reviewed how tourists deal with other people while travelling, travellers were frequently described as building their experiences and managing their relationships. They do this building and constructing as a part of their everyday activities in a preconscious state. That is, they do not habitually or explicitly decide to act in certain ways to shape their experience but rather express these constructions in mundane behaviours including conversation, activity participation and day-to-day living. While travellers are not explicitly aware of the managed social construction of some of their experiences, if attention is drawn to their role they report that it is understandable and consistent with reflecting on their own experiences. Even those occupying more casual roles, such as the flaneur, are still observers of the world engaged in synthesising information using other people as reference points and mentally summarising their encounters with people and places. Some limited attention was given in Chapter 5 to teleological perspectives, where tourists’ present actions are largely determined by anticipated future outcomes. It was also noted that tourists invent and reinvent themselves in discourse – at times they play with the role of being a tourist – and these actions can serve their larger motivational purposes.
在第5章中，回顾了旅行者在旅行中如何与他人打交道，经常将旅行者描述为建立自己的经历和管理他们的人际关系。他们以意识状态下进行日常活动的过程中进行建筑和构造。也就是说，他们没有习惯性或明确地决定以某种方式行动以塑造自己的经验，而是以平凡的行为来表达这些建构，包括对话，活动参与和日常生活。尽管旅行者并没有明确意识到他们某些经历的可管理的社会建构，但是如果注意他们的角色，他们会说这是可以理解的，并且与反思自己的经历是一致的。甚至那些扮演诸如flaneur之类的随便角色的人仍然是世界的观察者，他们以其他人为参考点来合成信息，并在心理上总结他们与人和地方的相遇。在第5章中，对目的论的观点给予了有限的关注，其中游客的当前行动在很大程度上取决于预期的未来结果。还有人指出，游客在话语中发明和重塑自己（有时扮演游客的角色），这些行为可以达到他们更大的动机目的。
In Chapters 6 and 7 further active participatory, performance-based accounts of tourist experiences were highlighted. Chapter 6 stressed the way in which contemporary post-modern tourists evaluate on-site experiences, including their appreciation of sincerity and effort. Multisensory immersion in experiences, it was reported, makes a difference in the evaluation and credibility of cultural and natural settings. Spontaneity and naturalness as two dimensions of experience were seen to reflect tourists’ own participation and immersion in the setting and to support the judged human effort or qualities of the sites visited. The foreground of attention in Chapter 7 was the communication amongst tourists, their friends and contacts. This was viewed as a core mechanism, not just to strengthen intragroup bonds but as a mechanism for understanding oneself and what has been achieved in enjoyment, satisfaction, learning and skill development. It was proposed that tourists can be mindfully or mindlessly engaged in their experiences: when mindful they are likely to be learning and reorganising their social representations of the world.
在第6章和第7章中，着重介绍了基于绩效的游客体验的进一步积极参与。第6章强调了当代后现代游客评估现场体验的方式，包括他们对真诚和努力的欣赏。据报道，将多种感觉沉浸在经验中，对文化和自然环境的评价和可信度有所不同。自发性和自然性是体验的两个维度，被视为反映了游客自身对环境的参与和沉浸，并支持了经过判断的人为努力或访问过的站点的质量。第7章关注的焦点是游客，他们的朋友和联系人之间的交流。这被视为一种核心机制，不仅增强了集团内部的联系，而且还被视为一种了解自己以及在享受，满足，学习和技能发展方面所取得成就的机制。有人建议游客可以专心或不专心地参与他们的经历：当专心的时候，他们很可能在学习和重新组织他们对世界的社会代表。
In all of these traditions and accounts, a consistent view of the tourist as an active socially embedded individual manipulating and managing experience according to motivational patterns and within a context of social representations that frame the phenomenon encountered was repeatedly emphasised. There is more work to be done and more cases to be considered, and integration among the perspectives could be pursued further in new studies. To mount such investigations, both in methodological and theoretical terms, it is useful to turn initially to the second of the two issues seen as covert but related to Table 8.1 – the understanding of tourism research styles and goals.
在所有这些传统和叙述中，始终强调将游客视为一种积极的，具有社会根基的个人，并根据动机模式并在构成所遇到的现象的社会表征的背景下，对体验进行管理。 还有更多的工作要做，需要考虑的案例更多，并且在新的研究中可以进一步追求观点之间的整合。 为了从方法论和理论上开展此类调查，首先转向被认为是秘密的但与表8.1有关的两个问题中的第二个问题是有用的–对旅游研究风格和目标的理解。

The Purposes of Tourism Research

The approach taken here to understand and explicate the purposes of tourism research is an interpretive one and is an attempt to provide a purposeful structure to locate and inform the future study of tourist behaviour. To restate the style being adopted, this analysis of the goals of tourism research is qualitative rather than quantitative; it is an approach that begins with the author’s personal immersion in the activity.
这里用来理解和阐明旅游研究目的的方法是一种解释性的方法，并且是试图提供一种有目的的结构来定位和指导未来的旅游行为研究。为了重申所采用的方式，对旅游研究目标的这种分析是定性的而不是定量的；这是从作者个人沉浸于活动开始的一种方法。
These personal insights are informed and supported in the following analysis by four key sources of information and inspiration. These include academic treatment of whole areas of scholarship (Becher, 1989; Burrell & Morgan, 1979; Fuchs, 1992; Outhwaite, 2000; Rosnow, 1981; Schon, 1987). A second source of information resides in the appraisals of the specific disciplinary contributions to tourism (Graburn & Jafari, 1991; Jafari, 2000; Jafari & Ritchie, 1981; Tribe, 2004). In addition, the debates that have arisen in fostering a qualitative research tradition in tourism are influential in helping to characterise the purposes of tourism research (Jamal & Hollinshead, 2001; Phillimore & Goodson, 2004; Riley & Love, 2000;Walle, 1997).A fourth and central source of information includes the close analysis of tourism study developed specifically by tourism scholars (Aramberri, 2001; Cooper, 2003; Dann, 1996a; Echtner, 1999; Faulkner et al., 1995; Gunn, 1994b; Leiper, 1995; Pearce, 1993a, 2004; Ryan, 1997b; Seaton, 1996; Tribe, 1997).
在以下分析中，四个关键信息来源和灵感为这些个人见识提供了信息并得到了支持。这些包括对整个学术领域的学术待遇（Becher，1989； Burrell＆Morgan，1979； Fuchs，1992； Outhwaite，2000； Rosnow，1981； Schon，1987）。信息的第二个来源在于对旅游业的特定学科贡献的评估（Graburn＆Jafari，1991； Jafari，2000； Jafari＆Ritchie，1981； Tribe，2004）。此外，关于在旅游业中培养定性研究传统的争论对于帮助描述旅游研究的目的具有影响力（Jamal＆Hollinshead，2001； Phillimore＆Goodson，2004； Riley＆Love，2000； Walle，1997）。第四和主要的信息来源包括对旅游学者专门研究的旅游研究的深入分析（Aramberri，2001; Cooper，2003; Dann，1996a; Echtner，1999; Faulkner et al。，1995; Gunn，1994b; Leiper， 1995; Pearce，1993a，2004; Ryan，1997b; Seaton，1996; Tribe，1997）。
From the author’s immersion experiences as well as the wide ambit of issues discussed in the research literature, several frames of analysis can be identified. First, the focus of attention is on academic tourism research and its purposes. This kind of research can be distinguished from government and industry-based research efforts that have some different overall agendas (Jafari, 1990; Pearce, 1993a). The agendas for government-based studies are much more directed towards market analysis, statistics collection schemes that inform policy and provide classifications of activity. The consultancy-based work conducted for industry organisations and businesses has an immediate and applied focus often for local profit motives and occasionally to support advocacy in relation to rebutting or anticipating government policy. By way of contrast the focus on academic tourism research is knowledge-oriented and represents attempts to meet the needs of the multiple stakeholder with accessible, quality-controlled information. Rapport among these different research cultures has been seen as increasingly valuable, but major institutional forces continue to support the separate cultures of analysis (Cooper, 2003).
根据作者的沉浸式经历以及研究文献中讨论的广泛问题，可以确定几种分析框架。首先，注意力的焦点在学术旅游研究及其目的上。这种研究可以与政府和基于行业的研究工作区分开来，后者的总体议程有所不同（Jafari，1990； Pearce，1993a）。基于政府的研究议程更多地针对市场分析，为政策提供信息并提供活动分类的统计收集方案。为行业组织和企业进行的基于咨询的工作通常直接针对当地和当地的利益动机进行应用，有时支持在反驳或预期政府政策方面进行倡导。相比之下，对学术旅游研究的关注是面向知识的，它表示尝试通过可访问的，质量受控的信息来满足多个利益相关者的需求。这些不同研究文化之间的融洽关系被视为越来越有价值，但是主要的制度力量继续支持不同的分析文化（Cooper，2003年）。
A multi-dimensional space can be proposed here as defining specifically academic tourism research. There are three dimensions, each of which has two poles that characterise and define the space. These dimensions are the interpretive–functional dimension, the macro–micro scale of analysis and the emancipatory–regulatory dimension. These dimensions can be conceived as related to one another in different ways, with a closer link among the interpretive–emancipatory poles and the regulatory and functional poles. It needs to be restated that the approach taken here is itself interpretive; it is an informed and subjective appraisal, but the kind of spatial portrayal of tourism research being presented is similar to the multi-dimensional scaling analysis outputs obtained from quantitative studies (cf. Pearce & Fenton, 1994). The relationships among the dimensions in the tourism studies space are presented in Figure 8.1.
在这里可以提出一个多维空间，专门定义学术旅游研究。 共有三个维度，每个维度都有两个表征和定义空间的极点。 这些维度是解释功能层面，分析的宏观微观层面和解放性法规层面。 这些维度可以被认为以不同的方式相互关联，在解释性解放思想和调节性思想与功能性思想之间有着更紧密的联系。 需要重申的是，这里采用的方法本身就是解释性的； 这是一个知情和主观的评估，但是所呈现的旅游研究的空间刻画类似于从定量研究中获得的多维尺度分析输出（参见Pearce＆Fenton，1994）。 图8.1显示了旅游研究空间中各个维度之间的关系。

The dimensions portrayed in Figure 8.1 follow some of the earlier writing of Burrell and Morgan (1979) with select influences deriving from Becher (1989), Farrell and Twining-Ward (2004), Rojek and Urry (1997a) and Tribe (2004).
图8.1中描绘的尺寸遵循了Burrell和Morgan（1979）的一些早期著作，其中一些影响来自Becher（1989），Farrell和Twining-Ward（2004），Rojek and Urry（1997a）和Tribe（2004）。
The emancipatory–regulatory dimension classifies the space along a continuum which, at the emancipatory end, emphasises new and revolutionary initiatives in tourism system thinking. Studies at the other regulatory pole effectively preserve power relations and promote efficient business practices.
解放-管制维度沿着连续性对空间进行分类，在解放性方面强调旅游系统思想中的新的和革命性的举措。另一个监管部门的研究有效地维护了权力关系并促进了有效的商业惯例。
The interpretive–functional dimension classifies the space according to studies which, at the interpretive pole, are qualitative, emic and directed at a subjective understanding of tourism. Analyses at the functional end are quantitative, etic in character, and seek generalisations from empirical relationships.
解释性功能维度根据研究对空间进行分类，这些研究在解释性方面是定性的，有主见的，并以对旅游的主观理解为导向。在功能方面的分析是定量的，客观的，并从经验关系中寻求概括。
The macro–micro dimension organises the space according to the scale of tourism being considered, with the macro pole referring to studies of large systems and whole regions. By way of contrast, the micro scale applies to sites as well as to more individual and small group analyses.
宏观-微观维度根据所考虑的旅游规模来组织空间，宏观极点是指对大型系统和整个地区的研究。相比之下，微观尺度适用于地点以及更多的个体和小组分析。
It is possible to locate, in broad terms, the contributions of disciplinary areas to the study of the specialism of tourism. The term specialism is used deliberately to indicate an emerging applied field of study having only some of the features of long-established coherent study fields usually referred to as disciplines (cf. Pearce, 1993a; Rojek & Urry, 1997a; Tribe, 1997). It is important to note that the disciplines considered, such as geography and economics, are included because they have been particularly applied to the specialism of tourism. The sources of this kind of appraisal derive from the accounts provided about each discipline in Jafari (2000) as well as earlier discipline-based reviews in the Annals of Tourism Research in 1991. The assessment of the disciplines provided in the Encyclopedia of Tourism as well as in the major review work presented in the Annals of Tourism Research is presented in Table 8.2. The year 2000 references are to the entries in the Encyclopedia of Tourism. Importantly these specific references are supplemented in a major way by the numerous discipline-linked references employed to inform previous chapters of this book.
从广义上讲，可以找到学科领域对旅游专业研究的贡献。专门使用术语“专业”来表示新兴的应用研究领域，它仅具有长期建立的连贯研究领域的某些特征，这些特征通常被称为学科（参见Pearce，1993a； Rojek＆Urry，1997a； Tribe，1997）。重要的是要注意所包括的学科，例如地理学和经济学，因为它们特别适用于旅游专业。这种评估的来源来自Jafari（2000）中关于每个学科的描述以及1991年《旅游研究年鉴》中较早的基于学科的评论。《旅游百科全书》也对这些学科进行了评估。表8.2列出了《旅游研究年鉴》中提出的主要审查工作。 2000年是旅游业百科全书中的条目。重要的是，这些特定的参考文献在很大程度上得到了众多与学科相关的参考文献的补充，这些参考文献为本书的前几章提供了信息。

Figure 8.2 shows how the disciplines considered have been employed in tourism. But it is certainly not meant to be suggested in Figure 8.2 that all psychology, for example, contributes to the space to which it is allocated in the figure; rather it is the kind of psychology that has appeared in tourism study that is being depicted.
图8.2显示了所考虑的学科如何在旅游业中使用。但是，在图8.2中当然并不意味着要暗示所有的心理学都对图中所分配的空间有所贡献。相反，正在描述的是旅游研究中出现的一种心理学。
An important principle, that of intelligent eclecticism, underlies the territory of tourism graphic presented in Figure 8.2. It is valuable to see the synthesis of methods and concepts arising from underlying disciplinary contributions as a useful medley of effort rather than incompatible and competing approaches to analysis. The spirit of recent writing about fields of study and the expansion of tourism analysis reinforces the view that complex systems in tourism need the full array of styles. As Farrell and Twining-Ward observe: a restricted approach to research, governed by disciplinary priorities and researchers’ educational backgrounds is an impairment to integration, unity and sustainability. (Farrell & Twining-Ward, 2004: 277)
一个重要的原则，即智能折衷主义，是图8.2所示旅游图形的基础。 有价值的是，将来自基础学科贡献的方法和概念的综合视为一种有用的努力，而不是不兼容且相互竞争的分析方法。 最近有关研究领域和旅游分析扩展的精神强化了这样一种观点，即旅游中的复杂系统需要完整的样式。 正如法雷尔（Farrell）和特温沃德（Twining-Ward）所指出的那样：受学科重点和研究人员教育背景的制约，有限的研究方法会损害整合，统一和可持续性。 （Farrell＆Twining-Ward，2004：277）

Intelligent eclecticism, then, lies neither in denigrating specific realms of the tourism space nor in simply tolerating all research styles. Instead, it sees the contribution of approaches as multi-faceted and capable of being inter- connected in myriad ways to tackle diverse problems. For example, if a visitor centre is being evaluated in a holistic framework then contributions from the tourism-derived components of psychology, ecology, management and economics are all likely contributors to a total appraisal. On this occasion geography, health and law may have a lesser or even non-existent role.
因此，明智的折衷主义既不在于贬低旅游空间的特定领域，也不在于简单地容忍所有的研究风格。 相反，它认为方法的贡献是多方面的，并且能够以多种方式相互联系以解决各种问题。 例如，如果在一个整体框架内评估一个游客中心，那么来自旅游业的心理学，生态学，管理学和经济学三部分的贡献都可能是总体评估的贡献者。 在这种情况下，地理，健康和法律的作用可能会减弱，甚至不存在。
From the appraisal of tourism research space identified in Figure 8.2, it is now possible to describe the multiple purposes of tourism research. Some tourism research, principally that described in the upper wedge of Figure 8.2 and represented by the fields of anthropology, gender studies, sociology, political science and philosophy, rate highly in the domains of under- standing and influencing change in the tourism world, often at a more macro societal scale. Other disciplinary contributions, notably ecology, business, planning and marketing, are concerned with supporting and extending existing tourism businesses and systems. These disciplinary contributions are largely etic, and have the core purpose of establishing generalisations and principles for enhancing system performance. There are similarities here to Tribe’s (2004) T1 and T2 areas of tourism research, although some of the disciplinary classifications are cast a little differently. Importantly the present system portrays a number of disciplines (notably psychology, recreation, geography and law) as having some different and previously poorly identified roles in tourism research. For the present volume on tourist behaviour, the role of psychology and its margins with other disciplines is particularly instructive.
通过对图8.2中所示的旅游研究空间的评估，现在可以描述旅游研究的多重目的。一些旅游研究，主要是在图8.2的上部楔形图中描述的，并以人类学，性别研究，社会学，政治学和哲学领域为代表，它们在旅游世界的理解和影响变化领域中的评价很高。在更宏观的社会规模上。其他学科贡献，特别是生态，商业，规划和营销，都与支持和扩展现有的旅游业务和系统有关。这些学科贡献主要是动机，并具有建立概括性和原则以增强系统性能的核心目的。这里与Tribe（2004）的T1和T2旅游研究领域相似，尽管某些学科分类的表述有些不同。重要的是，本系统描绘了许多学科（特别是心理学，娱乐，地理和法律），因为它们在旅游业研究中具有一些不同的且以前很难确定的作用。对于当前的旅游行为，心理学的作用及其在其他学科中的优势特别具有启发性。
Some parts of psychology as applied to tourism are in close proximity to the regulatory and functional area of Figure 8.2. Examples drawn from the material already considered in this volume are motivation, decision making and the management of crowding.
应用于旅游业的心理学的某些部分与图8.2的法规和功能区域非常接近。 从本卷已经考虑的材料中得出的例子是动机，决策和拥挤管理。
At other times the field of tourist behaviour has a different purpose, approaching the margins of sociology and offering more interpretive qualitative and micro-scale insights into the phenomenon of tourism. The examples drawn from the material already considered in this volume include the role of the tourist, cross-cultural interaction and the expressive components of satisfaction study.
在其他时候，游客行为领域具有不同的目的，接近社会学的边缘，并提供了对旅游现象的更多解释性的定性和微观尺度的见解。 从本卷已经考虑的材料中得出的例子包括游客的作用，跨文化的互动以及满意度研究的表现成分。
Tourist behaviour researchers may well be amongst the most flexible in the territory of tourism study. Psychology, a core background discipline to the study of tourist behaviour, can be applied and extended in multiple ways to meet either interpretive and emancipatory purposes or regulatory and functional roles. In schemes such as that depicted in Figure 8.2, there will always be outliers, examples of studies from disciplinary areas that break the rules and generic patterns. Nevertheless the studies that lie midway on the interpretive–functional dimension (geography, recreation, sociology, psychology, marketing) are also able to draw on a wide range of methodologies to meet the varied purposes of research. Again this flexibility offers the promise that tourist behaviour studies, which if not conceived within psychology are usually framed within one of the other disciplines in the mid-range, can be developed in the future using multiple methods and benefiting from substantial efforts in the area of methodological innovation.
游客行为研究人员很可能是旅游研究领域中最灵活的人员之一。心理学是研究游客行为的核心背景学科，可以多种方式加以应用和扩展，以满足解释和解放的目的或调节和功能的作用。在如图8.2所示的方案中，总会有异常值，即违反规则和通用模式的学科领域研究示例。尽管如此，位于解释性功能维度（地理，娱乐，社会学，心理学，市场营销）中的研究也能够利用多种方法来满足研究的不同目的。再次，这种灵活性提供了一个希望，即游客行为研究（如果不是在心理学中进行构思的，通常会被安排在中等水平的其他学科之一之内），则可以在未来使用多种方法并受益于该领域的大量努力来发展。方法创新。
Pearce and Yagi (2004) suggest that there are four particular sources of methodological innovation in tourism research, some of which can be applied directly to tourist behaviour study. The four sources of innovation derive from: • opportunities to use new technologies; • the growing acceptance of qualitative research; • extending studies into as-yet-underexplored cultures with much potential for comparative work; • commercial imperatives requiring research to be timely and resource efficient.
Pearce and Yagi认为，旅游研究中有四个方法创新的特殊来源，其中一些可以直接应用于旅游者行为研究。 创新的四个来源来自：•使用新技术的机会； •对定性研究的接受度越来越高； •将研究扩展到尚未被探索的文化中，这些文化具有进行比较工作的巨大潜力； •商业上的必要性要求及时进行研究并节约资源。
The four sources of methodological innovation, and some of the examples deriving from them, are depicted in Table 8.3.
表8.3列出了方法论创新的四个来源以及由此得出的一些例子。

Employing any one or even triangulating the methods reported in Table 8.3 is unlikely to be effective unless linked to the expansion and further development of the conceptual schemes for understanding tourist behaviour that have already been reviewed. One can also suggest some innovative ways to augment the stock of theoretical and conceptual knowledge in tourism, or more accurately, ways to trial new conceptual schemes and insights. Pearce (2004) following creativity and theory construction approaches suggested by Gergen (1983) and de Bono (1992) has argued that tourism can benefit from four sources of conceptual innovation. These innovations derive from greater attention to the metaphors underlying tourist behaviour and a trialling of new metaphors. The existing metaphors such as gaze, thresholds, balance and patterns of behaviour could well be supplemented by other views such as Rojek and Urry’s (1997a) use of computer filing and indexing or Clarke and Clegg’s notions of transformation, organic systems and elasticity of tolerance (1998).
除非与已经研究过的理解游客行为的概念方案的扩展和进一步发展相联系，否则采用表8.3中报告的任何一种方法甚至进行三角测量都不大可能有效。还可以提出一些创新的方法，以增加旅游业中理论和概念知识的存量，或更准确地说，是尝试新的概念方案和见解的方法。 Pearce（2004）遵循了Gergen（1983）和de Bono（1992）提出的创造力和理论建构方法，认为旅游业可以从概念创新的四个来源中受益。这些创新源于对游客行为隐喻的更多关注以及对新隐喻的尝试。诸如注视，阈值，行为平衡和行为模式等现有隐喻可以很好地补充，例如其他观点，例如Rojek和Urry（1997a）使用计算机文件编制和索引编制，或者Clarke和Clegg的转换概念，有机系统和宽容弹性（ 1998）。
Additional methods for stimulating and extending conceptual schemes include the full extension of current behaviours and circumstances to logical extremes. An example here might be studying the behaviour of those who travel for years at a time as well as those who never leave an area and refuse to participate in any form of tourism. Attention to the forgotten and muted voices in tourism markets (such as the disabled, the very rich and the deeply critical) might also repay attention, with the possibility of increasing the number of ways in which some kinds of tourist behaviour are considered. For those with a strong interest in cross-cultural topics and experiences, the unique and special relationship concepts that exist in some cultures deserve sustained attention. Researchers from Western cultural traditions are at the beginning of understanding how both domestic and international tourists are affected by such human arrangements and views of life as those embodied in guanxi (the Chinese term for the web of relation- ships and their reciprocity), kwarm sanuk (the Thai term for the intrinsic pleasure of participating), akogare (the Japanese term for the respect for Western styles), and kibun and nunchi (the paired Korean terms for the importance of assessing other people’s moods and the skill to assess those moods). Theoretical innovation and topic selection in tourism may require all of the new methods already presented, as well as traditional social science techniques, to advance an international understanding of tourist behaviour.
刺激和扩展概念方案的其他方法包括将当前行为和环境完全扩展到逻辑极限。这里的一个例子可能是研究一次旅行多年的人以及从未离开该地区并拒绝参加任何形式的旅游的人的行为。注意旅游市场（例如残疾人，非常有钱的人和挑剔的人）中被遗忘和无声的声音，也可能引起人们的注意，并可能增加考虑某些游客行为的方式。对于那些对跨文化主题和经验有浓厚兴趣的人，某些文化中存在的独特和特殊的关系概念值得持续关注。来自西方文化传统的研究人员正开始了解国内游客和国际游客如何受到人际关系和生活观的影响，这些关系和生活观体现在“关系”（即关系网及其相互关系的中文术语）中。 （泰语表示参与的固有乐趣），akokore（日语表示对西方风格的尊重）以及kibun和nunchi（成对的韩语术语，表示评估其他人的情绪的重要性以及评估这些情绪的技巧） 。旅游业的理论创新和主题选择可能需要已经提出的所有新方法以及传统的社会科学技术，以增进对旅游行为的国际理解。

Concluding Remarks

The study of tourist behaviour looks set for an assured future in the territory of tourism research. As outlined in detail in this volume, there are numerous themes to explore, a developing array of conceptual schemes to inform these topics and both traditional and innovative approaches to undertake that exploration. The purposes of tourism research are varied, and significant achievements can be recorded and proposed in two realms: the functional regulatory style of work and the interpretive emancipatory sector of tourism study. Extensive documentation justifying achievements and progress in both sectors can be cited and the numerous studies reviewed throughout previous chapters attest to the enthusiasm for progressing understanding and action in these different areas.
对旅游行为的研究为旅游研究领域中的未来提供了保证。 正如本卷中详细概述的那样，有许多主题需要探索，不断发展的一系列概念性方案可以为这些主题提供信息，还可以采用传统的和创新的方法进行探索。 旅游研究的目的是多种多样的，并且可以在两个领域中记录和提出重大成就：功能性的工作作风和旅游研究的解释性解放领域。 可以引用证明这两个领域的成就和进步的大量文献资料，并且在前几章中回顾的大量研究证明了对于在这些不同领域中增进理解和采取行动的热情。
This monograph commenced with the observation that the author, like many readers, has been fortunate to experience a range of tourism locations, activities and challenges. During the final stages of writing this book one of the research staff of the James Cook University tourism team concluded her contract and set forth on a European travel schedule. The concerns, aspirations and comments of this traveller in communicating these experiences to friends and colleagues reflect much of what has been discussed in these chapters. An understanding of the demographics and multiple motives of travellers, the decisions made and the on-site experiences enjoyed are all displayed in the following communication. Importantly, the significance of relaying experiences to others, that is the self- aware discursive and reflective role that has been seen as central to the tourist experience is also revealed in the communication. The effort at managing oneself and one’s social relationships is also core to the expressive processes. The email, an entirely unsolicited account of the individual’s first experience in Italy, is reproduced unabridged (but with permission) and embodies the raw material of experience that preceding chapters have reviewed:
这篇专着从观察者开始，即与许多读者一样，作者很幸运地体验了一系列的旅游地点，活动和挑战。在撰写本书的最后阶段，詹姆斯·库克大学旅游团队的一名研究人员完成了她的合同，并制定了欧洲旅行时间表。在与朋友和同事交流这些经历时，旅行者的关注，愿望和评论反映了这些章节中已讨论的大部分内容。在以下交流中将显示出对旅行者的人口统计学和多种动机，所做出的决定以及所享受的现场体验的理解。重要的是，在交流中还揭示了将经验传递给他人的重要性，即自我意识的话语和反思作用已被视为游客体验的核心。自我管理和社会关系的努力也是表达过程的核心。该电子邮件完全不请自来，讲述了该人在意大利的首次经历，该电子邮件未经删节（但经允许）被复制，并且包含了前面各章所回顾的经历的原始资料。