Python查漏补缺

没有系统学过python，所以跟着quick tutorial捋一遍。 只记录自己不太熟悉的内容。

Recursion 递归

1. Recursive factorial function

   def factorial(n:int):
   	# n!
   	if n == 0 or n == 1:
   		return 1
   	else:
   	return n * factorial (n-1)
   

2. The fibonacci function

   def fibonacci(n):
   	if n == 0 or n == 1:
   		return n
   	else:
   		return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)
   

3. Find a Power Recursively

   def find_power(a,b):
   	if b == 0:
   		return 1
   	else:
   		return a * find_power(a, b-1)
   

Exception Handling

1. try / except

   index = int(input("Enter the index: "))
   
   try:
       my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
       print(my_list[index])
   except:
       print("Please enter a valid index.")
       ```
   

2. catch a specific type of exception

   try:
   	<code_that_may_raise_an_exception>
   except <exception_type>:
   	<code_to_handle_an_exception_if_it_occurs>
   

   list of common exception types:

   Exception Type	Corresponding reason
   ZeroDivisionError	raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is zero.
   IndexError	raised when we try to use an invalid index to access an element of a sequence.
   KeyError	raised when we try to access a key-value pair that doesn’t exist because the key is not in the dictionary.
   NameError	raised when we use a variable that has not been defined previously.
   RecursionError	raised when the interpreter detects that the maximum recursion depth is exceeded. This usually occurs when the process never reaches the base case.

3. Assign a name to the exceptioin object

   try:
   	<code_that_may_raise_an_exception>
   except <exception_type> as <name>:
   	<code_to_handle_an_exception_if_it_occurs>
   

   e.g.

   index = int(input("Enter the index: "))
   
   try:
       my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
       print(my_list[index])
   except IndexError as e:
       print("Exception raised:", e)
   

4. try / except / else

   try:
       <code_that_may_raise_an_exception>
   except:
       <code_to_handle_an_exception_if_it_occurs>
   else:
       <code_that_only_runs_if_no_exception_in_try>
   

   e.g.

   a = int(input("Enter a: "))
   b = int(input("Enter b: "))
   
   try:
       division = a / b
       print(division)
   except ZeroDivisionError as err:
       print("Please enter valid values.", err)
   else:
       print("Both values were valid.")
   

5. try / except / else / finally

   a = int(input("Enter a: "))
   b = int(input("Enter b: "))
   
   try:
       division = a / b
       print(division)
   except ZeroDivisionError as err:
       print("Please enter valid values.", err)
   else:
       print("Both values were valid.")
   finally:
       print("Finally!")
   

Object-Oriented Programming

class <className>:

    <class_attribute_name> = <value>

    def __init__(self,<param1>, <param2>, ...):
        self.<attr1> = <param1>
        self.<attr2> = <param2>
        .
        .
        .
        # As many attributes as needed
    
   def <method_name>(self, <param1>, ...):
       <code>
       
   # As many methods as needed

1. create an instance my_dog = Dog("Nora", 10)
2. remove an instance attribute del <object_variable>.<attribute>
3. delete an instance del my_dog
4. public vs. Non-public attributes
   Use one leading underscore only for non-public methods and instance variables. source
   e.g.

   class Dog:
   
   def __init__(self, name, age):
       self.name = name  # Public attribute
       self._age = age   # Non-Public attribute
   

5. Class Attributes: shared by all instances of the class.
   💡 Tip: Usually, they are written before the __init__ method.
   e.g.

   class Dog:
   
       # Class attributes
       kingdom = "Animalia"
       species = "Canis lupus"
   
       def __init__(self, name, age):
           self.name = name
           self.age = age
   

   Get a class attribute <class_name>.<attribute> e.g. Dog.kingdom
   😀 Tip: You can use this syntax within the class as well; we can use similar methods for updating or deleting the class attribute

Properties, Getters and Setters

Getters and setters are methods that we can define to get and set the value of an instance attribute, respectively. They work as intermediaries to “protect” the attributes from direct changes.

1. To define a property, we write a method with this syntax:

   @property
   def <property_name>(self):
       return self.<attribute>
   

   This method will act as a getter, so it will be called when we try to access the value of the attribute.
2. define a setter:

   @<property_name>.setter
   def <property_name>(self, <param>):
       self.<attribute> = <param>
   

3. deleter to delete the attribute

   @<property_name>.deleter
   def <property_name>(self):
       del self.<attribute>
   

💡 Tip: you can write any code that you need in these methods to get, set, and delete an attribute. It is recommended to keep them as simple as possible.

e.g.

>>> class Dog:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name

     @property
    def name(self):
        print("Calling getter")
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, new_name):
        print("Calling setter")
        self._name = new_name

    @name.deleter
    def name(self):
        print("Calling deleter")
        del self._name
>>> my_dog = Dog("Nora")

>>> my_dog.name
Calling getter
'Nora'

>>> my_dog.name = "Norita"
Calling setter

>>> my_dog.name
Calling getter
'Norita'

>>> del my_dog.name
Calling deleter

Files

1. Read r

   with open("<file_path>", "r") as <file_var>:
   	<code>
   

   e.g.

   with open("famous_quotes.txt") as file:
       for line in file:
           print(line)
   

   💡 Tip: that’s right! We can iterate over the lines of the file using a for loop. The file path can be relative to the Python script that we are running or it can be an absolute path.
2. Write w: to replace the content completely
   e.g.

   words = ["Amazing", "Green", "Python", "Code"]
   
   with open("famous_quotes.txt", "w") as file:
       for word in words:
           file.write(word + "\n")
   

3. Append a: append the content
   e.g.

   words = ["Amazing", "Green", "Python", "Code"]
   
   with open("famous_quotes.txt", "a") as file:
       for word in words:
           file.write(word + "\n")
   

4. Delete a file : use the os module. Remember to check with a conditional if the file exists before calling the remove()

   import os
   
   if os.path.exists("<file_path>"):
     os.remove("<file_path>")
   else:
     <code>
   

   e.g.

   import os
   
   if os.path.exists("famous_quotes.txt"):
     os.remove("famous_quotes.txt")
   else:
     print("This file doesn't exist")
   

List and Dictionary Comprehension

1. List comprehension

   [<value_to_include> for <var> in <sequence>]
   [<value_to_include> for <var1> in <sequence1> for <var2> in <sequence2>]
   [<value_to_include> for <var> in <sequence> if <condition>]
   [<value> for <var1> in <sequence1> for <var2> in <sequence2> if <condition>]
   

   💡 Tip: you should only use them when they do not make your code more difficult to read and understand.

   >>> [i for i in range(4, 15)]
   [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
   
   >>> [chr(i) for i in range(67, 80)]
   ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O']
   
   >>> [i**3 for i in range(2, 5)]
   [8, 27, 64]
   
   >>> [i + j for i in range(5, 8) for j in range(3, 6)]
   [8, 9, 10, 9, 10, 11, 10, 11, 12]
   
   >>> [k for k in range(3, 35) if k % 2 == 0]
   [4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34]
   
   >>> [i * j for i in range(2, 6) for j in range(3, 7) if i % j == 0]
   [9, 16, 25]
   

2. List comprehensions vs. Generator Expressions

   List comprehensions are defined with square brackets[]. This is different from generator expressions, which are defined with parentheses (). They look similar but they are quite different

   • List comprehensions generate the entire sequence at once and store it in memory.
   • Generator expressions yield the elements one at a time when they are requested.

   We can check this with sys module.

   >>> import sys
   >>> sys.getsizeof([i for i in range(500)])
   2132
   >>> sys.getsizeof((i for i in range(500)))
   56
   

3. Dictionary Comprehension

   {<key_value>: <value> for <var> in <sequence>}
   {<key_value>: <value> for <var> in <sequence> if <condition>}
   

   e.g.

   >>> {num: num**3 for num in range(3, 15)}
   {3: 27, 4: 64, 5: 125, 6: 216, 7: 343, 8: 512, 9: 729, 10: 1000, 11: 1331, 12: 1728, 13: 2197, 14: 2744}
   
   >>> {x: x + y for x in range(4, 8) for y in range(3, 7)}
   {4: 10, 5: 11, 6: 12, 7: 13}
   
   # with conditions
   >>> grades = {"Nora": 78, "Gino": 100, "Talina": 56, "Elizabeth": 45, "Lulu": 67}
   
   >>> approved_students = {student: grade for (student, grade) in grades.items() if grade >= 60}
   
   >>> approved_students
   {'Nora': 78, 'Gino': 100, 'Lulu': 67}
   

Tricks

1. get the indices of an Numpy array.

   idx = list(classes).index(var)
   idx = np.where(classes == var)
   

Reference

1. Python Code Examples – Sample Script Coding Tutorial for Beginners
2. Emoji-cheat-sheet