从一个非常简单的例子开始,如下:
下面给出的一些关于const的声明,将帮助你彻底理清const的用法。不过请注意,下面的一些声明是不能被编译通过的,因为他们需要在声明的同时进行初始化。为了简洁起见,我忽略了初始化部分;因为加入初始化代码的话,下面每个声明都将增加两行代码。
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
<wbr>p1;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
p2;
//
<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>p3;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>p4;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr>p5;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr>p6;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr>p7;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
<wbr>p8;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>const<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
注:p1是指向char类型的指针的指针;p2是指向const char类型的指针的指针;p3是指向char类型的const指针;p4是指向const char类型的const指针;p5是指向char类型的指针的const指针;p6是指向const char类型的指针的const指针;p7是指向char类型const指针的const指针;p8是指向const char类型的const指针的const指针。
typedef给你一种方式来克服“*只适合于变量而不适合于类型”的弊端。你可以如下使用typedef:
typedef<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>PCHAR;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%">PCHAR<wbr>p,q;</wbr></wbr>
这里的p和q都被声明为指针。(如果不使用typedef,q将被声明为一个char变量,这跟我们的第一眼感觉不太一致!)下面有一些使用typedef的声明,并且给出了解释:
typedef<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>a;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
typedef<wbr>a<wbr>b();<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>b<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>returns<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
typedef<wbr>b<wbr></wbr></wbr>
*
c;
//
<wbr>c<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>that<wbr>returns<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
typedef<wbr>c<wbr>d();<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>d<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>returning<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>that<wbr>returns<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
typedef<wbr>d<wbr></wbr></wbr>
*
e;
//
<wbr>e<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>returning<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>returns<wbr>a<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
e<wbr>var[</wbr>
10
];
//
<wbr>var<wbr>is<wbr>an<wbr>array<wbr>of<wbr>10<wbr>pointers<wbr>to<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>functions<wbr>returning<wbr>pointers<wbr>to<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>functions<wbr>returning<wbr>pointers<wbr>to<wbr>chars.</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
typedef经常用在一个结构声明之前,如下。这样,当创建结构变量的时候,允许你不使用关键字struct(在C中,创建结构变量时要求使用 struct关键字,如struct tagPOINT a;而在C++中,struct可以忽略,如tagPOINT b)。
typedef<wbr></wbr>
struct
<wbr>tagPOINT<br><img name="_24_48_Open_Image" alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a41954a27d6ad96fa2c2cf816e677448.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr>
{
<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
int
<wbr>x;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6a9c071a08f1dae2d3e1c512000eef41.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
int
<wbr>y;<br><img alt="" align="top" src="http://images.csdn.net/syntaxhighlighting/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%">}</wbr>
POINT;
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif)
POINT<wbr>p;<wbr></wbr></wbr>
<wbr></wbr>
函数指针可能是最容易引起理解上的困惑的声明。函数指针在DOS时代写TSR程序时用得最多;在Win32和X-Windows时代,他们被用在需要回调函数的场合。当然,还有其它很多地方需要用到函数指针:虚函数表,STL中的一些模板,Win NT/2K/XP系统服务等。让我们来看一个函数指针的简单例子:
int
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
p)(
char
);
这里p被声明为一个函数指针,这个函数带一个char类型的参数,并且有一个int类型的返回值。另外,带有两个float类型参数、返回值是char类型的指针的指针的函数指针可以声明如下:
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
p)(
float
,<wbr></wbr>
float
);
那么,带两个char类型的const指针参数、无返回值的函数指针又该如何声明呢?参考如下:
void
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
a[
5
])(
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
,<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr></wbr>
const
);
“右左法则”是一个简单的法则,但能让你准确理解所有的声明。这个法则运用如下:从最内部的括号开始阅读声明,向右看,然后向左看。当你碰到一个括号时就调转阅读的方向。括号内的所有内容都分析完毕就跳出括号的范围。这样继续,直到整个声明都被分析完毕。
对上述“右左法则”做一个小小的修正:当你第一次开始阅读声明的时候,你必须从变量名开始,而不是从最内部的括号。
下面结合例子来演示一下“右左法则”的使用。
int
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
fp1)<wbr>(</wbr>
int
)<wbr>)<wbr>[</wbr></wbr>
10
];
阅读步骤:
1. 从变量名开始——fp1
2. 往右看,什么也没有,碰到了),因此往左看,碰到一个*——一个指针
3. 跳出括号,碰到了(int)——一个带一个int参数的函数
4. 向左看,发现一个*——(函数)返回一个指针
5. 跳出括号,向右看,碰到[10]——一个10元素的数组
6. 向左看,发现一个*——指针
7. 向左看,发现int——int类型
总结:fp1被声明成为一个函数的指针,该函数返回指向指针数组的指针.
再来看一个例子:
int
<wbr></wbr>
*
(<wbr></wbr>
*
(<wbr></wbr>
*
arr[
5
])())();
阅读步骤:
1. 从变量名开始——arr
2. 往右看,发现是一个数组——一个5元素的数组
3. 向左看,发现一个*——指针
4. 跳出括号,向右看,发现()——不带参数的函数
5. 向左看,碰到*——(函数)返回一个指针
6. 跳出括号,向右发现()——不带参数的函数
7. 向左,发现*——(函数)返回一个指针
8. 继续向左,发现int——int类型
还有更多的例子:
float
<wbr>(<wbr></wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>(<wbr></wbr></wbr>
*
b())<wbr>[]<wbr>)();<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>b<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>returns<wbr>a<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>an<wbr>array<wbr>of<wbr>pointers<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>to<wbr>functions<wbr>returning<wbr>floats.<wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
void
<wbr></wbr>
*
<wbr>(<wbr></wbr></wbr>
*
c)<wbr>(<wbr></wbr></wbr>
char
,<wbr></wbr>
int
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
)());
//
<wbr>c<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>takes<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>two<wbr>parameters:<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr>and<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>takes<wbr>no<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>parameters<wbr>and<wbr>returns<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>an<wbr>int<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>and<wbr>returns<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>void.<wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
void
<wbr></wbr>
**
<wbr>(</wbr>
*
d)<wbr>(</wbr>
int
<wbr></wbr>
&
,<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
(
*
)(
char
<wbr></wbr>
*
,<wbr></wbr>
char
<wbr></wbr>
**
));
//
<wbr>d<wbr>is<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>takes<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>two<wbr>parameters:<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>reference<wbr>to<wbr>an<wbr>int<wbr>and<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>function<wbr>that<wbr>takes<wbr>two<wbr>parameters:<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr>and<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>and<wbr>returns<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>pointer<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
<wbr>to<wbr>a<wbr>char<wbr><br><img alt="" align="top" src="https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6810355c2f78c12e91b7997a8e8c583a.gif" style="border:0px; max-width:100%"></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
//
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//
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//
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<wbr><wbr><br> 首先,让我们看看指针与const结合的声明:<br> const int *p;<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>//p是指向常整形的指针<br> int const *p;<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>//错误<br> int * const p;<wbr><wbr>//p是指向整形的常指针<br> const int * const p;<wbr><wbr>//p是指向常整形的常指针<br> 怎么样?希望大家不会搞混吧,下面我会告诉大家如何去理解,但是写到这里,我突然想起const的一些东西,这里先插个小插曲,-_-<br> 相信大家在学习C++时也见到过用const修饰函数的,如:<br> const int Fun();<br> int Fun() const;<br> 最后那个表示Fun函数是常成员函数(c++类中),既Fun函数不能修改类中的成员变量和成员函数,这个在大家学习MFC中会经常看到的,举个例子:如HWND GetDlgItem(ID) const;这里就不详细说下去了,大家知道这么个事就行了。<br><br> 回到主题,要想很清楚的理解声明,<br> 一、我们先从编译器中的声明器(declarator)说起,什么是声明器?简单来说,声明器就是标识符和与它组合一起的任何指针、函数括号、数组下标等(定义请参考《c专家编程》),合法的声明存在以下的限制:<br> 1、函数的返回值不能是个函数或数组,所以fun()()和fun()[]是非法的<br> 2、数组里不能有函数,所以fun[]()是非法的<br><br> 二、优先级规则<br> A、声明从它的名字开始读取,然后安装优先级从高到低读取<br> B、优先级高低顺序:<br><wbr><wbr>B1、声明中被括号括起来部分<br><wbr><wbr>B2、后缀操作符:()表示函数<wbr><wbr>[]表示数组<br><wbr><wbr>B3、前缀操作符:*表示指向...的指针<br> C、如果const和(或)volatile后面紧跟类型(如int等),则const和(或)volatile修饰类型,否则const和(或)volatile修饰紧跟在他们左边的*指针。<br><br> 根据上面的优先级规则,我们来进行下面的练习:<br> char * const * (*p)();<br> 1、根据A规则,从p入手,得到p是...;<br> 2、根据B1规则,(*p),得到p是指针,指向...;<br> 3、根据B2规则,()函数下标优先于*,所以(*p)(),得到p是指针,指向一个函数,该函数返回...<br> 4、根据C规则知道const是修饰它左边的*不是右边,所以右边的*应该是函数的返回值,故得到p是指针,指向一个函数,该函数返回另外一个指针,该指针指向...<br> 5、根据C规则知道指针指向一个类型为char的常指针。<br> 6、综上述,得到p是指针,指向一个函数,该函数返回另外一个指针,而该指针指向一个类型为char的常指针。<br> 大功告成!!!!!<br><br> 以下给出些练习,巩固下,答案以后给:<br> 1、char * (*array[10]) (int **p)<br> 2、void (*signal(int sig, void(*fun)(int)))(int)<br></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>