使用kubeadm方式搭建K8S集群

一、说明

kubeadm是官方社区推出的一个用于快速部署kubernetes集群的工具。
这个工具能通过两条指令完成一个kubernetes集群的部署：

# 创建一个 Master 节点
kubeadm init

# 将一个 Node 节点加入到当前集群中
kubeadm join <Master节点的IP和端口 >

二、 Kubeadm方式搭建K8S集群

试用kubeadm方式搭建K8s集群主要分为以下几步
 准备三台虚拟机，同时安装操作系统CentOS7.x
 对三个安装之后的操作系统进行初始化操作
 在三个节点安装docker kubelet kubeadm kubectl
 在master节点执行kubeadm init命令初始化
 在node节点上执行 kubeadm join命令，把node节点添加到当前集群
 配置CNI网络插件，用于节点之间的连通【失败了可以多试几次】
 通过拉取一个nginx进行测试，能否进行外网测试

三、 安装要求

在开始之前，部署Kubernetes集群机器需要满足以下几个条件：
 一台或多台机器，操作系统 CentOS7.x-86_x64
 硬件配置：2GB或更多RAM，2个CPU或更多CPU，硬盘30GB或更多【注意master需要两核】
 可以访问外网，需要拉取镜像，如果服务器不能上网，需要提前下载镜像并导入节点
 禁止swap分区

四、 准备环境

然后再每台机器执行以下命令

# 关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

# 关闭selinux
# 永久关闭
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config  
# 临时关闭
setenforce 0  

# 关闭swap
# 临时
swapoff -a 
# 永久关闭
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

# 根据规划设置主机名【master节点上操作】
hostnamectl set-hostname k8smaster
# 根据规划设置主机名【node1节点操作】
hostnamectl set-hostname k8snode1
# 根据规划设置主机名【node2节点操作】
hostnamectl set-hostname k8snode2

# 在master添加hosts
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
10.218.106.19 pipeline.k8s.master
10.218.106.46 pipeline.k8s.node1
10.218.106.51 pipeline.k8s.node2
EOF

# 将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF
# 生效
sysctl --system  

# 时间同步
yum install ntpdate -y
ntpdate time.windows.com

五、 安装Docker/kubeadm/kubelet

所有节点安装Dockers/kubeadm/kubelet,Kubernetes默认CRI（容器运行时）为Docker，因此先安装Docker

安装docker

先配置以下Docker的阿里yum源
cat >/etc/yum.repos.d/docker.repo<<EOF
[docker-ce-edge]
name=Docker CE Edge - \$basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/7/\$basearch/edge
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg
EOF

然后yum方式安装docker:（本次安装的版本为：version 19.03.13）

# yum安装
yum -y install docker-ce

# 查看docker版本
docker --version  

# 启动docker
systemctl enable docker
systemctl start docker

配置docker的镜像源

cat >> /etc/docker/daemon.json << EOF
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://b9pmyelo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

然后重启docker

systemctl restart docker

添加kubernetes软件源

然后我们需要配置以下yum的k8s软件源

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo << EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

安装kubeadm，kubelet和kubectl

由于版本更新频繁，这里指定版本号部署：

# 安装kubelet、kubeadm、kubectl，同时指定版本
yum install -y kubelet-1.18.0 kubeadm-1.18.0 kubectl-1.18.0
# 设置开机启动
systemctl enable kubelet

六、部署Kubernetes Master节点

在master（10.218.xxx.19）节点执行

kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address=10.218.xxx.19 --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.18.0 --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12  --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

由于默认拉取镜像地址k8s.gcr.io国内无法访问，这里指定阿里云镜像仓库地址，【执行上述命令会比较慢，因为后台其实已经在拉取镜像了】，我们 docker images 命令即可查看已经拉取的镜像

当我们出现下面的情况时，表示kubernetes的镜像已经安装成功

使用kubectl工具 【master节点操作】

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

执行完成后，我们使用下面命令，查看我们正在运行的节点

kubectl get nodes

能够看到，目前有一个master节点已经运行了，但是还处于未准备状态
下面我们还需要在Node节点执行其它的命令，将node1和node2加入到我们的master节点上

七、加入Kubernetes Node节点

下面我们需要到 node1 和 node2服务器，执行下面的代码向集群添加新节点

执行在kubeadm init输出的kubeadm join命令：
注意，以下的命令是在master初始化完成后，每个人的都不一样！！！需要复制自己生成的

kubeadm join 10.218.106.19:6443 --token 175esr.bviug0sq9xcujdro \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:5b8356a6d1658c2fa80b5b715c1d504f7c8bbe88f3909255efca5fe838a35271

默认token有效期为24小时，当过期之后，该token就不可用了。这时就需要重新创建token，操作如下：

kubeadm token create --print-join-command

当我们把两个节点都加入进来后，我们就可以去Master节点 执行下面命令查看情况

kubectl get node

八、部署CNI网络插件

上面的状态还是NotReady，下面我们需要网络插件，来进行联网访问

# 下载网络插件配置
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

默认镜像地址无法访问，sed命令修改为docker hub镜像仓库。

# 添加
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

##①首先下载v0.13.1-rc2-amd64 镜像
##参考博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/pyxuexi/p/14288591.html
##② 导入镜像，命令，，特别提示，3个机器都需要导入，3个机器都需要导入，3个机器都需要导入，3个机器都需要导入，重要的事情说3遍。不然抱错。如果没有操作，报错后，需要删除节点，重置，在导入镜像，重新加入才行。本地就是这样操作成功的！
docker load < flanneld-v0.13.1-rc2-amd64.docker
#####下载本地，替换将image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.13.1-rc2 替换为 image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.13.1-rc2-amd64

# 查看状态 【kube-system是k8s中的最小单元】
kubectl get pods -n kube-system

运行结果

运行完成后，我们查看状态可以发现，已经变成了Ready状态了

如果上述操作完成后，还存在某个节点处于NotReady状态，可以在Master将该节点删除

# master节点将该节点删除

##查阅资料添加###kubectl drain k8snode1 --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets

kubectl delete node k8snode1
 
# 然后到k8snode1节点进行重置
 kubeadm reset
# 重置完后在加入
kubeadm join 10.218.106.19:6443 --token 175esr.bviug0sq9xcujdro \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:5b8356a6d1658c2fa80b5b715c1d504f7c8bbe88f3909255efca5fe838a35271

九、测试kubernetes集群

我们都知道K8S是容器化技术，它可以联网去下载镜像，用容器的方式进行启动

在Kubernetes集群中创建一个pod，验证是否正常运行：

# 下载nginx 【会联网拉取nginx镜像】
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx
# 查看状态
kubectl get pod

下面我们就需要将端口暴露出去，让其它外界能够访问

# 暴露端口
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
# 查看一下对外的端口
kubectl get pod,svc

能够看到，我们已经成功暴露了 80端口 到 30610上

我们到我们的宿主机浏览器上，访问如下地址（其实此时，集群中的每一个节点加端口号都可以访问nginx了）

到这里为止我么就搭建了一个单master的k8s集群

可能遇到的问题

问题一

如果集群需要重置
1、 关于k8s 集群部署中如果实在有问题需要重置k8s 集群的步骤是
k8s集群初始化

1、移除所有工作节点
kubectl delete node izwz9ac58lkokssyf8owagz
2、所有工作节点删除工作目录，并重置kubeadm
rm -rf /etc/kubernetes/*
kubeadm reset
3、Master节点删除工作目录，并重置kubeadm
rm -rf /etc/kubernetes/*
rm -rf ~/.kube/*
rm -rf /var/lib/etcd/*

rm -rf /var/lib/cni/

rm -fr /etc/cni/net.d

kubeadm reset -f
4、重新init kubernetes
从部署Kubernetes Master节点步骤开始，重新配置

问题二

我通过
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
这个命令下载的kube-flannel.yml部署后 一直有问题 ，相关的pod一直无法正常启动。
下面附上我部署成功的

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
    - configMap
    - secret
    - emptyDir
    - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
    - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
  - apiGroups: ['extensions']
    resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
    verbs: ['use']
    resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - pods
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/status
    verbs:
      - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-amd64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - amd64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - ppc64le
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-s390x
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - s390x
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-s390x
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-s390x
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg