Task
打印输出报表,目前有html和pdf两种格式,以后可能增加。一般打印年度报表和季度报表等。
Solution1
提取一个接口ReportGenerator,里面有一个generator()的抽象方法;HtmlReport和PdfReport是这个接口的两个实现类;ReportService对外提供服务,打印报表。以下是三个类的具体实现。
- package com.ks.spring.report;
-
- public interface ReportGenerator {
- public void generator(String[][] table);
- }
- package com.ks.spring.report.impl;
-
- import com.ks.spring.report.ReportGenerator;
-
- public class HtmlReport implements ReportGenerator {
-
- @Override
- public void generator(String[][] table) {
-
- System.out.println("This is Html report!");
- }
-
- }
- package com.ks.spring.report.impl;
-
- import com.ks.spring.report.ReportGenerator;
-
- public class PdfReport implements ReportGenerator {
-
- @Override
- public void generator(String[][] table) {
-
- System.out.println("This is pdf report!");
- }
-
- }
- package com.ks.spring.report.impl;
-
- import com.ks.spring.report.ReportGenerator;
-
- public class ReportService {
-
- private ReportGenerator reportGen = new PdfReport();
-
-
- public void printAnnualReport(int year){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
-
-
- public void printMonthReort(int year,int month){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
- }
Problem:在ReportService类中直接依赖了ReportGenerator的两个实现类。如果需要打印出html格式的报表,就需要重新修改代码!显然不够灵活,且耦合度高
Solution2
为了解决上面的问题,我们引入了Container,也就是容器。因此 HtmlReport、PdfReport、ReportService都是这个容器中的组件(component)。代码如下
- package com.ks.spring.report.impl;
-
- import java.util.HashMap;
- import java.util.Map;
-
- import com.ks.spring.report.ReportGenerator;
-
- public class Container {
-
-
- public static Container instance;
-
-
- private Map<String,Object> components;
-
- public Container(){
- components = new HashMap<String,Object>();
- instance = this;
-
- ReportGenerator reportGen = new PdfReport();
- components.put("reportGenerator",reportGen);
-
-
- ReportService reportSe = new ReportService();
- components.put("reportService",reportSe);
- }
-
- public Object getComponent(String id){
- return components.get(id);
- }
-
- }
ReportService调整为
- public class ReportService {
-
-
- private ReportGenerator reportGen = (ReportGenerator)Container.instance.getComponent("reportGenerator");
-
-
- public void printAnnualReport(int year){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
-
-
- public void printMonthReort(int year,int month){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
- }
结论:这样做就把Service类中的依赖给去掉了,外部直接引用Service类,当内部进行改变时,外部的引用对象不需要做相应的修改,换句话说,对外部类屏蔽了底层的实现细节。让Container去依赖generaor的实现。
Problem:当组件需要引用其他数据资源、文件或者其他组件时,需要向容器进行资源请求。这种请求,在系统十分复杂时,很容易造成各组件间的强耦合!
Solution3
传统模式下,当一个组件A需要另一个组件B时,需要在A的代码中new一个B对象。一旦A不需要依赖B而要依赖C时,A就必须更改代码,将new B改为new C。这种模式对于大规模系统来说,简直就是灾难。于是我们引入了控制反转(IOC),我们不需要去请求资源,而是在加载时就将会利用到的资源加载进来。IOC是一种设计原则,从字面意思来说也就是"资源检索的逆转",组件不再需要自己去请求资源了!DI则是实现这一原则的设计模式,它可以通过setter或者构造函数将资源投递(注入)到相应的组件中!显然,Container来实现这一过程~实现代码如下:
- public class ReportService {
-
-
-
- private ReportGenerator reportGen;
-
- public void setReportGen(ReportGenerator reportGen){
- this.reportGen = reportGen;
- }
-
-
- public void printAnnualReport(int year){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
-
-
- public void printMonthReort(int year,int month){
- String[][] statistics = null;
-
-
-
- reportGen.generator(statistics);
- }
- }
Container类更改如下:
- public class Container {
-
-
-
-
-
- private Map<String,Object> components;
-
- public Container(){
- components = new HashMap<String,Object>();
-
-
- ReportGenerator reportGen = new PdfReport();
- components.put("reportGenerator",reportGen);
-
-
- ReportService reportSe = new ReportService();
- reportSe.setReportGen(reportGen);
- components.put("reportService",reportSe);
- }
-
- public Object getComponent(String id){
- return components.get(id);
- }
-
- }
结论:这样基本上实现了一个IOC容器,资源通过setter方法把组件的依赖自动注入进去,再也不需要new对象了。
Problem:在container中,是采用pdfReport还是htmlReport?要修改代码就得重新编译!所以spring的IOC容器把这些依赖写到配置文件中,这样就不需要不停地编译啦
Solution4
采用xml或者properties等配置文件来实现组件依赖。本例中为了方便实现,采用properties来完成,需要引入commons-beanutils.jar包,需要调用PropertyUtils.setProperty这个方法。
属性文件如下:
#注入pdfReport到容器中,id是"reportGenerator"
reportGenerator=com.ks.spring.impl.PdfReport
#注入reportService到容器中,id是"reportService"
reportService=com.ks.spring.impl.ReportService
#带"."意思是把"reportGenerator"组件注入到
#reportService组件中的"reportGen"属性中!默认调用setReportGen方法
reportService.reportGen=reportGenerator
Container修改如下:
- public class Container {
-
-
- private Map<String,Object> components;
-
- public Container(){
- components = new HashMap<String,Object>();
-
- try{
- Properties proper = new Properties();
- proper.load(new FileInputStream("components.properties"));
- for(Entry entry:proper.entrySet()){
- String key = (String)entry.getKey();
- String value = (String)entry.getValue();
- }
- }catch(Exception ex){
- ex.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- public void processEntry(String key,String value) throws Exception{
- String[] parts = value.split("\\.");
- if(parts.length == 1){
-
- Object comp = Class.forName(value).newInstance();
- components.put(key, comp);
- }else{
-
- Object obj = components.get(parts[0]);
- Object ref = components.get(value);
- PropertyUtils.setProperty(obj, parts[1], ref);
- }
- }
-
- public Object getComponent(String id){
- return components.get(id);
- }
-
- }
就这样,属性文件实现了在container中进行依赖注入! 总结
依赖注入(DI)和控制反转(IOC)从字面上看确实不好理解,咋一看会让初学者望而生畏。类似的讲IOC的文章数不胜数,百度Google一大把,作为初学者却很难找到一篇娓娓道来的文章,根本不会理解得多么深入,仅仅会用而已。我从Spring Recipes这本书中学会了如何一步一步实现简单的IOC容器,从而加深对IOC的理解,所以在此分享下~如有不妥之处,也希望大家指正!
(全文完)