经典多线程面试题及解法

 

 

第一题（转载自：http://coolxing.iteye.com/blog/1236696）:

启动3个线程打印递增的数字, 线程1先打印1,2,3,4,5, 然后是线程2打印6,7,8,9,10, 然后是线程3打印11,12,13,14,15. 接着再由线程1打印16,17,18,19,20....以此类推, 直到打印到75. 程序的输出结果应该为:

 

线程1: 1

线程1: 2

线程1: 3

线程1: 4

线程1: 5

 

线程2: 6

线程2: 7

线程2: 8

线程2: 9

线程2: 10

...

 

线程3: 71

线程3: 72

线程3: 73

线程3: 74

线程3: 75

 

 

解法一: 采用原始的synchronized, wait(), notify(), notifyAll()等方式控制线程.

 

 

public class NumberPrintDemo {
	// n为即将打印的数字
	private static int n = 1;
	// state=1表示将由线程1打印数字, state=2表示将由线程2打印数字, state=3表示将由线程3打印数字
	private static int state = 1;

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		final NumberPrintDemo pn = new NumberPrintDemo();
		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				// 3个线程打印75个数字, 单个线程每次打印5个连续数字, 因此每个线程只需执行5次打印任务. 3*5*5=75
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					// 3个线程都使用pn对象做锁, 以保证每个交替期间只有一个线程在打印
					synchronized (pn) {
						// 如果state!=1, 说明此时尚未轮到线程1打印, 线程1将调用pn的wait()方法, 直到下次被唤醒
						while (state != 1)
							try {
								pn.wait();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						// 当state=1时, 轮到线程1打印5次数字
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							// 打印一次后n自增
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						// 线程1打印完成后, 将state赋值为2, 表示接下来将轮到线程2打印
						state = 2;
						// notifyAll()方法唤醒在pn上wait的线程2和线程3, 同时线程1将退出同步代码块, 释放pn锁. 
						// 因此3个线程将再次竞争pn锁
						// 假如线程1或线程3竞争到资源, 由于state不为1或3, 线程1或线程3将很快再次wait, 释放出刚到手的pn锁. 
						// 只有线程2可以通过state判定, 所以线程2一定是执行下次打印任务的线程.
						// 对于线程2来说, 获得锁的道路也许是曲折的, 但前途一定是光明的.
						pn.notifyAll();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程1").start();

		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					synchronized (pn) {
						while (state != 2)
							try {
								pn.wait();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						state = 3;
						pn.notifyAll();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程2").start();

		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					synchronized (pn) {
						while (state != 3)
							try {
								pn.wait();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						state = 1;
						pn.notifyAll();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程3").start();
	}
}

 

解法二: 采用JDK1.5并发包提供的Lock, Condition等类的相关方法控制线程.

 

public class NumberPrint implements Runnable {
	private int state = 1;
	private int n = 1;
	// 使用lock做锁
	private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
	// 获得lock锁的3个分支条件
	private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
	private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
	private Condition c3 = lock.newCondition();

	@Override
	public void run() {
		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					try {
						// 线程1获得lock锁后, 其他线程将无法进入需要lock锁的代码块.
						// 在lock.lock()和lock.unlock()之间的代码相当于使用了synchronized(lock){}
						lock.lock();
						while (state != 1)
							try {
								// 线程1竞争到了lock, 但是发现state不为1, 说明此时还未轮到线程1打印. 
								// 因此线程1将在c1上wait
								// 与解法一不同的是, 三个线程并非在同一个对象上wait, 也不由同一个对象唤醒
								c1.await();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						// 如果线程1竞争到了lock, 也通过了state判定, 将执行打印任务
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						// 打印完成后将state赋值为2, 表示下一次的打印任务将由线程2执行
						state = 2;
						// 唤醒在c2分支上wait的线程2
						c2.signal();
					} finally {
						// 打印任务执行完成后需要确保锁被释放, 因此将释放锁的代码放在finally中
						lock.unlock();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程1").start();

		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					try {
						lock.lock();
						while (state != 2)
							try {
								c2.await();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						state = 3;
						c3.signal();
					} finally {
						lock.unlock();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程2").start();

		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
					try {

						lock.lock();
						while (state != 3)
							try {
								c3.await();
							} catch (InterruptedException e) {
								e.printStackTrace();
							}
						for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
							System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
									+ ": " + n++);
						}
						System.out.println();
						state = 1;
						c1.signal();
					} finally {
						lock.unlock();
					}
				}
			}
		}, "线程3").start();
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new NumberPrint().run();
	}
}

 

总结: 对比解法一和解法二, 显然解法二是更好的解决方案. 解法一的问题在于无法进行精确唤醒, 比如线程1执行完打印任务并调用pn.notifyAll()方法后, 3个线程将再次竞争锁, 而不是精确唤醒线程2. 虽然线程2最终将赢得锁, 下一次的打印任务也肯定会由线程2执行, 但是竞争的持续时间是不可预知的, 只能看线程2的人品.

最糟糕的情形可以是: 线程3竞争到了锁, 紧接着wait. 接下来线程1也竞争到了锁, 然后线程1也wait. 此时就再也没有其他线程跟线程2竞争了, 线程2终于艰难的赢得了锁...

-----------------------------------------------------以下为个人答案，与解法二相同----------------------------------------

public class Test1_2 {

    private static ReentrantLock reentrantLock = new ReentrantLock() ;
    private static int num = 1; //要打印的数字
    private static int thisThread = 1;//当前执行的线程的状态码

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Condition c1 = reentrantLock.newCondition();
        Condition c2 = reentrantLock.newCondition();
        Condition c3 = reentrantLock.newCondition();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                new Thread(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        while(true){
                            try {
                                reentrantLock.lock();
                                if(thisThread!=1){
                                    c1.await();
                                }
                                //获得执行权时判断是否达到执行边界
                                if(num>=75){
                                    c2.signal();
                                    break;
                                }
                                //连续打印五次信息
                                for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":"+num++);
                                }
                                System.out.println();
                                //切换线程
                                thisThread=2;
                                c2.signal();
                            } catch ( Exception e) {
                                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                            } finally {
                                reentrantLock.unlock();
                            }

                        }
                    }
                },"线程1").start();
                new Thread(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        while(true){
                            try {
                                reentrantLock.lock();
                                if(thisThread!=2){
                                    c2.await();
                                }
                                if(num>=75){
                                    c3.signal();
                                    break;
                                }
                                //连续打印五次信息
                                for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":"+num++);
                                }
                                System.out.println();
                                //切换线程
                                thisThread=3;
                                c3.signal();
                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            } finally {
                                reentrantLock.unlock();
                            }

                        }
                    }
                },"线程2").start();
                new Thread(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        while(true){
                            try {
                                reentrantLock.lock();
                                if(thisThread!=3){
                                    c3.await();
                                }
                                if(num>=75){
                                    c1.signal();
                                    break;
                                }
                                //连续打印五次信息
                                for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":"+num++);
                                }
                                System.out.println();
                                //切换线程
                                thisThread=1;
                                c1.signal();
                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            } finally {
                                reentrantLock.unlock();
                            }

                        }
                    }
                },"线程3").start();
            }
        }).start();

    }
}

-----------------------------------------------------

个人答案中启动了四个线程。审题不准