第八、九、十章 服务控制与管理 Openssh服务 日志服务器

1）在红帽6系统中 init: 运行 级别 0-6 ，服务启动严格按照 顺序启动

[root@instructor init.d]# cat /etc/inittab 

# inittab is only used by upstart for the default runlevel.
#
# ADDING OTHER CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
#
# System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf
#
# Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf
#
# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
#
# Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf,
# with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init.
#
# For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how
# upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8).
#
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
#   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#   1 - Single user mode  #修改  密码  维护
#   2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
#   3 - Full multiuser mode
#   4 - unused
#   5 - X11
#   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 
id:5:initdefault:
[root@instructor init.d]# 

[root@instructor init.d]# chkconfig --list
GLScfg         	0:off	1:on	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off
NetworkManager 	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:off	4:off	5:off	6:off
abrt-ccpp      	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:off	5:on	6:off
abrtd          	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:off	5:on	6:off
acpid          	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off
atd            	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off
auditd         	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:off	6:off
autofs         	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:off	4:on	5:on	6:off
blk-availability	0:off	1:on	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off



[root@instructor Desktop]# pstree
init─┬─abrtd
     ├─acpid
     ├─atd
     ├─automount───4*[{automount}]
     ├─bonobo-activati───{bonobo-activat}
     ├─certmonger
     ├─clock-applet
     ├─console-kit-dae───63*[{console-kit-da}]
     ├─crond

服务文件 就是一个shell脚本

[root@instructor Desktop]# cat /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd
#!/bin/bash
#
# httpd        Startup script for the Apache HTTP Server
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: The Apache HTTP Server is an efficient and extensible  \
#	       server implementing the current HTTP standards.
# processname: httpd
# config: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/httpd
# pidfile: /var/run/httpd/httpd.pid
#
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: httpd
# Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $named
# Required-Stop: $local_fs $remote_fs $network
# Should-Start: distcache
# Short-Description: start and stop Apache HTTP Server
# Description: The Apache HTTP Server is an extensible server 
#  implementing the current HTTP standards.
### END INIT INFO

# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/httpd ]; then
        . /etc/sysconfig/httpd
fi

# Start httpd in the C locale by default.
HTTPD_LANG=${HTTPD_LANG-"C"}

# This will prevent initlog from swallowing up a pass-phrase prompt if
# mod_ssl needs a pass-phrase from the user.
INITLOG_ARGS=""

# Set HTTPD=/usr/sbin/httpd.worker in /etc/sysconfig/httpd to use a server
# with the thread-based "worker" MPM; BE WARNED that some modules may not
# work correctly with a thread-based MPM; notably PHP will refuse to start.

# Path to the apachectl script, server binary, and short-form for messages.
apachectl=/usr/sbin/apachectl
httpd=${HTTPD-/usr/sbin/httpd}
prog=httpd
pidfile=${PIDFILE-/var/run/httpd/httpd.pid}
lockfile=${LOCKFILE-/var/lock/subsys/httpd}
RETVAL=0
STOP_TIMEOUT=${STOP_TIMEOUT-10}

# The semantics of these two functions differ from the way apachectl does
# things -- attempting to start while running is a failure, and shutdown
# when not running is also a failure.  So we just do it the way init scripts
# are expected to behave here.
start() {
        echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
        LANG=$HTTPD_LANG daemon --pidfile=${pidfile} $httpd $OPTIONS
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch ${lockfile}
        return $RETVAL
}

# When stopping httpd, a delay (of default 10 second) is required
# before SIGKILLing the httpd parent; this gives enough time for the
# httpd parent to SIGKILL any errant children.
stop() {
	echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
	killproc -p ${pidfile} -d ${STOP_TIMEOUT} $httpd
	RETVAL=$?
	echo
	[ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f ${lockfile} ${pidfile}
}
reload() {
    echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
    if ! LANG=$HTTPD_LANG $httpd $OPTIONS -t >&/dev/null; then
        RETVAL=6
        echo $"not reloading due to configuration syntax error"
        failure $"not reloading $httpd due to configuration syntax error"
    else
        # Force LSB behaviour from killproc
        LSB=1 killproc -p ${pidfile} $httpd -HUP
        RETVAL=$?
        if [ $RETVAL -eq 7 ]; then
            failure $"httpd shutdown"
        fi
    fi
    echo
}

# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
  start)
	start
	;;
  stop)
	stop
	;;
  status)
        status -p ${pidfile} $httpd
	RETVAL=$?
	;;
  restart)
	stop
	start
	;;
  condrestart|try-restart)
	if status -p ${pidfile} $httpd >&/dev/null; then
		stop
		start
	fi
	;;
  force-reload|reload)
        reload
	;;
  graceful|help|configtest|fullstatus)
	$apachectl $@
	RETVAL=$?
	;;
  *)
	echo $"Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|condrestart|try-restart|force-reload|reload|status|fullstatus|graceful|help|configtest}"
	RETVAL=2
esac

exit $RETVAL
[root@instructor Desktop]# 

rhel6
service管理：

[root@instructor Desktop]# service httpd status
httpd (pid  3418) is running...
[root@instructor Desktop]# 

[root@instructor init.d]# ./httpd status
httpd (pid  3418) is running...
[root@instructor init.d]# 

2）在红帽7系统中 systemd: 服务管理程序 systemd 服务启动 有一定顺序， 多个服务并行

[root@server0 Desktop]# pstree
systemd─┬─ModemManager───2*[{ModemManager}]
        ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
        │                └─3*[{NetworkManager}]
        ├─2*[abrt-watch-log]
        ├─abrtd
        ├─accounts-daemon───2*[{accounts-daemon}]
        ├─agetty
        ├─alsactl
        ├─at-spi-bus-laun─┬─dbus-daemon───{dbus-daemon}
        │                 └─3*[{at-spi-bus-laun}]

systemctl 服务管理工具：

3）查看已经安装的服务：

[root@server0 Desktop]# systemctl list-unit-files --type service 
UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
abrt-ccpp.service                           enabled  # 开机启动
abrt-oops.service                           enabled 
abrt-pstoreoops.service                     disabled  # 开机禁用
abrt-vmcore.service                         enabled 
abrt-xorg.service                           enabled 
abrtd.service                               enabled 
accounts-daemon.service                     enabled 
alsa-restore.service                        static    # 静态 由其他的服务 调用
alsa-state.service                          static  
alsa-store.service                          static  
anaconda-direct.service                     static  
anaconda-noshell.service                    static  
anaconda-shell@.service                     static  
anaconda-sshd.service                       static  


[root@server0 Desktop]# systemctl list-unit-files --type service |grep ssh
anaconda-sshd.service                       static  
sshd-keygen.service                         static  
sshd.service                                enabled 
sshd@.service                               static  
[root@server0 Desktop]# 

sys-kernel-debug.mount                      static  
tmp.mount                                   masked    # 掩码  无用的服务， 管理员也无法启动
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount                static  
brandbot.path                               disabled
cups.path                                   enabled 

服务配置文件：ini格式， json, yaml

[root@server0 Desktop]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
[Unit]
Description=The Apache HTTP Server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]
Type=notify
EnvironmentFile=/etc/sysconfig/httpd
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND
ExecReload=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -k graceful
ExecStop=/bin/kill -WIN