dpkg是Debian系列Linux发行版中的重要命令，用于管理安装的软件包。dpkg是Debian软件包管理系统的中流砥柱，负责安全卸载软件包、配置，以及维护已安装的软件包，也是Debian系统中众多软件包管理工具的后端。有关dpkg的更多介绍参阅：
http://www.dpkg.org。
dpkg命令有很多选项和参数，以下是一些常用的选项和参数：
Use dpkg with
-b, --build,
-c, --contents,
-e, --control,
-I, --info,
-f, --field,
-x, --extract,
-X, --vextract, --ctrl-tarfile, --fsys-tarfile
on archives (type dpkg-deb --help).
dpkg -i package_file：安装指定的软件包。
dpkg -i klish_2.2arm64.deb
dpkg -r package：删除已安装的软件包，但保留配置文件。
dpkg -r klish_2.2arm64.deb
dpkg -P package：完全清除已安装的软件包，包括删除配置文件。
dpkg -P klish_2.2arm64.deb
dpkg -c package_file：列出指定软件包的内容。
root@OCTEONTX:/tmp# dpkg -c klish_2.2-1_arm64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-11-22 03:49 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-11-22 03:49 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-11-22 03:49 ./usr/local/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-11-22 03:49 ./usr/local/klish/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-11-22 03:49 ./usr/local/klish/bin/
...
dpkg -I package_file：提取指定软件包的安装信息。
root@OCTEONTX:/tmp# dpkg -l klish
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-==============-============-============-=======================================
ii klish 2.2-1 arm64 Package created with checkinstall 1.6.3
dpkg -L package：列出已安装软件包的文件清单。
root@OCTEONTX:/tmp# dpkg -L klish
/.
/usr
/usr/local
/usr/local/klish
/usr/local/klish/bin
/usr/local/klish/bin/clish
/usr/local/klish/bin/konf
/usr/local/klish/bin/konfd
...
dpkg -s package：显示已安装软件包的详细信息。
root@OCTEONTX:/tmp# dpkg -s klish
Package: klish
Status: install ok installed
Priority: extra
Section: checkinstall
Installed-Size: 2904
Maintainer: root@fusionnos
Architecture: arm64
Version: 2.2-1
Provides: klish
Depends: libxml2
Description: Package created with checkinstall 1.6.3
dpkg -S package：显示已安装软件包的包含关系
root@OCTEONTX:/tmp# dpkg -S klish
klish: /usr/local/klish/include/clish/shell.h
klish: /usr/local/klish/bin/sigexec
klish: /usr/local/klish/include/clish/hotkey.h
klish: /usr/local/klish/include/lub/c_decl.h
klish: /usr/local/klish/lib/libclish_plugin_clish.a
dpkg -x package：可以将包解压
dpkg -x klish_2.2-1_arm64.deb ./klish
#可以在klish目录里面查看deb里面的文件
man dpkg(这里直接将工具自带的手册拿出来了):
dpkg(1) dpkg suite dpkg(1)
NAME
dpkg - package manager for Debian
SYNOPSIS
dpkg [option...] action
WARNING
This manual is intended for users wishing to understand dpkg's command line options and package states in more
detail than that provided by dpkg --help.
It should not be used by package maintainers wishing to understand how dpkg will install their packages. The
descriptions of what dpkg does when installing and removing packages are particularly inadequate.
DESCRIPTION
dpkg is a tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-
end for dpkg is aptitude(1). dpkg itself is controlled entirely via command line parameters, which consist of
exactly one action and zero or more options. The action-parameter tells dpkg what to do and options control the
behavior of the action in some way.
dpkg can also be used as a front-end to dpkg-deb(1) and dpkg-query(1). The list of supported actions can be
found later on in the ACTIONS section. If any such action is encountered dpkg just runs dpkg-deb or dpkg-query
with the parameters given to it, but no specific options are currently passed to them, to use any such option
the back-ends need to be called directly.
INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES
dpkg maintains some usable information about available packages. The information is divided in three classes:
states, selection states and flags. These values are intended to be changed mainly with dselect.
Package states
not-installed
The package is not installed on your system.
config-files
Only the configuration files of the package exist on the system.
half-installed
The installation of the package has been started, but not completed for some reason.
unpacked
The package is unpacked, but not configured.
half-configured
The package is unpacked and configuration has been started, but not yet completed for some reason.
triggers-awaited
The package awaits trigger processing by another package.
triggers-pending
The package has been triggered.
installed
The package is correctly unpacked and configured.
Package selection states
install
The package is selected for installation.
hold A package marked to be on hold is not handled by dpkg, unless forced to do that with option
--force-hold.
deinstall
The package is selected for deinstallation (i.e. we want to remove all files, except configuration
files).
purge The package is selected to be purged (i.e. we want to remove everything from system directories, even
configuration files).
unknown
The package selection is unknown. A package that is also in a not-installed state, and with an ok flag
will be forgotten in the next database store.
Package flags
ok A package marked ok is in a known state, but might need further processing.
reinstreq
A package marked reinstreq is broken and requires reinstallation. These packages cannot be removed,
unless forced with option --force-remove-reinstreq.
ACTIONS
-i, --install package-file...
Install the package. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must refer to a directory
instead.
Installation consists of the following steps:
1. Extract the control files of the new package.
2. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute prerm
script of the old package.
3. Run preinst script, if provided by the package.
4. Unpack the new files, and at the same time back up the old files, so that if something goes wrong,
they can be restored.
5. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute the postrm
script of the old package. Note that this script is executed after the preinst script of the new
package, because new files are written at the same time old files are removed.
6. Configure the package. See --configure for detailed information about how this is done.
--unpack package-file...
Unpack the package, but don't configure it. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must
refer to a directory instead.
--configure package...|-a|--pending
Configure a package which has been unpacked but not yet configured. If -a or --pending is given instead
of package, all unpacked but unconfigured packages are configured.
To reconfigure a package which has already been configured, try the dpkg-reconfigure(8) command instead.
Configuring consists of the following steps:
1. Unpack the conffiles, and at the same time back up the old conffiles, so that they can be restored if
something goes wrong.
2. Run postinst script, if provided by the package.
--triggers-only package...|-a|--pending
Processes only triggers (since dpkg 1.14.17). All pending triggers will be processed. If package names
are supplied only those packages' triggers will be processed, exactly once each where necessary. Use of
this option may leave packages in the improper triggers-awaited and triggers-pending states. This can be
fixed later by running: dpkg --configure --pending.
-r, --remove package...|-a|--pending
Remove an installed package. This removes everything except conffiles and other data cleaned up by the
postrm script, which may avoid having to reconfigure the package if it is reinstalled later (conffiles
are configuration files that are listed in the DEBIAN/conffiles control file). If there is no
DEBIAN/conffiles control file nor DEBIAN/postrm script, this command is equivalent to calling --purge.
If -a or --pending is given instead of a package name, then all packages unpacked, but marked to be
removed in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are removed.
Removing of a package consists of the following steps:
1. Run prerm script
2. Remove the installed files
3. Run postrm script
-P, --purge package...|-a|--pending
Purge an installed or already removed package. This removes everything, including conffiles, and
anything else cleaned up from postrm. If -a or --pending is given instead of a package name, then all
packages unpacked or removed, but marked to be purged in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are purged.
Note: some configuration files might be unknown to dpkg because they are created and handled separately
through the configuration scripts. In that case, dpkg won't remove them by itself, but the package's
postrm script (which is called by dpkg), has to take care of their removal during purge. Of course, this
only applies to files in system directories, not configuration files written to individual users' home
directories.
Purging of a package consists of the following steps:
1. Remove the package, if not already removed. See --remove for detailed information about how this is
done.
2. Run postrm script.
-V, --verify [package-name...]
Verifies the integrity of package-name or all packages if omitted, by comparing information from the
files installed by a package with the files metadata information stored in the dpkg database (since dpkg
1.17.2). The origin of the files metadata information in the database is the binary packages
themselves. That metadata gets collected at package unpack time during the installation process.
Currently the only functional check performed is an md5sum verification of the file contents against the
stored value in the files database. It will only get checked if the database contains the file md5sum.
To check for any missing metadata in the database, the --audit command can be used.
The output format is selectable with the --verify-format option, which by default uses the rpm format,
but that might change in the future, and as such, programs parsing this command output should be
explicit about the format they expect.
-C, --audit [package-name...]
Performs database sanity and consistency checks for package-name or all packages if omitted (per package
checks since dpkg 1.17.10). For example, searches for packages that have been installed only partially
on your system or that have missing, wrong or obsolete control data or files. dpkg will suggest what to
do with them to get them fixed.
--update-avail [Packages-file]
--merge-avail [Packages-file]
Update dpkg's and dselect's idea of which packages are available. With action --merge-avail, old
information is combined with information from Packages-file. With action --update-avail, old information
is replaced with the information in the Packages-file. The Packages-file distributed with Debian is
simply named <<Packages>>. If the Packages-file argument is missing or named <<->> then it will be read
from standard input (since dpkg 1.17.7). dpkg keeps its record of available packages in
/var/lib/dpkg/available.
A simpler one-shot command to retrieve and update the available file is dselect update. Note that this
file is mostly useless if you don't use dselect but an APT-based frontend: APT has its own system to
keep track of available packages.
-A, --record-avail package-file...
Update dpkg and dselect's idea of which packages are available with information from the package
package-file. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must refer to a directory instead.
--forget-old-unavail
Now obsolete and a no-op as dpkg will automatically forget uninstalled unavailable packages (since dpkg
1.15.4), but only those that do not contain user information such as package selections.
--clear-avail
Erase the existing information about what packages are available.
--get-selections [package-name-pattern...]
Get list of package selections, and write it to stdout. Without a pattern, non-installed packages (i.e.
those which have been previously purged) will not be shown.
--set-selections
Set package selections using file read from stdin. This file should be in the format "package state",
where state is one of install, hold, deinstall or purge. Blank lines and comment lines beginning with
'#' are also permitted.
The available file needs to be up-to-date for this command to be useful, otherwise unknown packages will
be ignored with a warning. See the --update-avail and --merge-avail commands for more information.
--clear-selections
Set the requested state of every non-essential package to deinstall (since dpkg 1.13.18). This is
intended to be used immediately before --set-selections, to deinstall any packages not in list given to
--set-selections.
--yet-to-unpack
Searches for packages selected for installation, but which for some reason still haven't been installed.
Note: This command makes use of both the available file and the package selections.
--predep-package
Print a single package which is the target of one or more relevant pre-dependencies and has itself no
unsatisfied pre-dependencies.
If such a package is present, output it as a Packages file entry, which can be massaged as appropriate.
Note: This command makes use of both the available file and the package selections.
Returns 0 when a package is printed, 1 when no suitable package is available and 2 on error.
--add-architecture architecture
Add architecture to the list of architectures for which packages can be installed without using
--force-architecture (since dpkg 1.16.2). The architecture dpkg is built for (i.e. the output of
--print-architecture) is always part of that list.
--remove-architecture architecture
Remove architecture from the list of architectures for which packages can be installed without using
--force-architecture (since dpkg 1.16.2). If the architecture is currently in use in the database then
the operation will be refused, except if --force-architecture is specified. The architecture dpkg is
built for (i.e. the output of --print-architecture) can never be removed from that list.
--print-architecture
Print architecture of packages dpkg installs (for example, "i386").
--print-foreign-architectures
Print a newline-separated list of the extra architectures dpkg is configured to allow packages to be
installed for (since dpkg 1.16.2).
--assert-feature
Asserts that dpkg supports the requested feature. Returns 0 if the feature is fully supported, 1 if the
feature is known but dpkg cannot provide support for it yet, and 2 if the feature is unknown. The
current list of assertable features is:
support-predepends
Supports the Pre-Depends field (since dpkg 1.1.0).
working-epoch
Supports epochs in version strings (since dpkg 1.4.0.7).
long-filenames
Supports long filenames in deb(5) archives (since dpkg 1.4.1.17).
multi-conrep
Supports multiple Conflicts and Replaces (since dpkg 1.4.1.19).
multi-arch
Supports multi-arch fields and semantics (since dpkg 1.16.2).
versioned-provides
Supports versioned Provides (since dpkg 1.17.11).
--validate-thing string
Validate that the thing string has a correct syntax (since dpkg 1.18.16). Returns 0 if the string is
valid, 1 if the string is invalid but might be accepted in lax contexts, and 2 if the string is invalid.
The current list of validatable things is:
pkgname
Validates the given package name (since dpkg 1.18.16).
trigname
Validates the given trigger name (since dpkg 1.18.16).
archname
Validates the given architecture name (since dpkg 1.18.16).
version
Validates the given version (since dpkg 1.18.16).
--compare-versions ver1 op ver2
Compare version numbers, where op is a binary operator. dpkg returns true (0) if the specified condition
is satisfied, and false (1) otherwise. There are two groups of operators, which differ in how they treat
an empty ver1 or ver2. These treat an empty version as earlier than any version: lt le eq ne ge gt.
These treat an empty version as later than any version: lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl. These are provided only
for compatibility with control file syntax: < << <= = >= >> >. The < and > operators are obsolete and
should not be used, due to confusing semantics. To illustrate: 0.1 < 0.1 evaluates to true.
-?, --help
Display a brief help message.
--force-help
Give help about the --force-thing options.
-Dh, --debug=help
Give help about debugging options.
--version
Display dpkg version information.
dpkg-deb actions
See dpkg-deb(1) for more information about the following actions.
-b, --build directory [archive|directory]
Build a deb package.
-c, --contents archive
List contents of a deb package.
-e, --control archive [directory]
Extract control-information from a package.
-x, --extract archive directory
Extract the files contained by package.
-X, --vextract archive directory
Extract and display the filenames contained by a
package.
-f, --field archive [control-field...]
Display control field(s) of a package.
--ctrl-tarfile archive
Output the control tar-file contained in a Debian package.
--fsys-tarfile archive
Output the filesystem tar-file contained by a Debian package.
-I, --info archive [control-file...]
Show information about a package.
dpkg-query actions
See dpkg-query(1) for more information about the following actions.
-l, --list package-name-pattern...
List packages matching given pattern.
-s, --status package-name...
Report status of specified package.
-L, --listfiles package-name...
List files installed to your system from package-name.
-S, --search filename-search-pattern...
Search for a filename from installed packages.
-p, --print-avail package-name...
Display details about package-name, as found in
/var/lib/dpkg/available. Users of APT-based frontends
should use apt-cache show package-name instead.
OPTIONS
All options can be specified both on the command line and in the dpkg configuration file /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg or
fragment files (with names matching this shell pattern '[0-9a-zA-Z_-]*') on the configuration directory
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/. Each line in the configuration file is either an option (exactly the same as the command
line option but without leading hyphens) or a comment (if it starts with a '#').
--abort-after=number
Change after how many errors dpkg will abort. The default is 50.
-B, --auto-deconfigure
When a package is removed, there is a possibility that another installed package depended on the removed
package. Specifying this option will cause automatic deconfiguration of the package which depended on
the removed package.
-Doctal, --debug=octal
Switch debugging on. octal is formed by bitwise-oring desired values together from the list below (note
that these values may change in future releases). -Dh or --debug=help display these debugging values.
Number Description
1 Generally helpful progress information
2 Invocation and status of maintainer scripts
10 Output for each file processed
100 Lots of output for each file processed
20 Output for each configuration file
200 Lots of output for each configuration file
40 Dependencies and conflicts
400 Lots of dependencies/conflicts output
10000 Trigger activation and processing
20000 Lots of output regarding triggers
40000 Silly amounts of output regarding triggers
1000 Lots of drivel about e.g. the dpkg/info dir
2000 Insane amounts of drivel
--force-things
--no-force-things, --refuse-things
Force or refuse (no-force and refuse mean the same thing) to do some things. things is a comma separated
list of things specified below. --force-help displays a message describing them. Things marked with (*)
are forced by default.
Warning: These options are mostly intended to be used by experts only. Using them without fully
understanding their effects may break your whole system.
all: Turns on (or off) all force options.
downgrade(*): Install a package, even if newer version of it is already installed.
Warning: At present dpkg does not do any dependency checking on downgrades and therefore will not warn
you if the downgrade breaks the dependency of some other package. This can have serious side effects,
downgrading essential system components can even make your whole system unusable. Use with care.
configure-any: Configure also any unpacked but unconfigured packages on which the current package
depends.
hold: Process packages even when marked "hold".
remove-reinstreq: Remove a package, even if it's broken and marked to require reinstallation. This may,
for example, cause parts of the package to remain on the system, which will then be forgotten by dpkg.
remove-essential: Remove, even if the package is considered essential. Essential packages contain mostly
very basic Unix commands. Removing them might cause the whole system to stop working, so use with
caution.
depends: Turn all dependency problems into warnings. This affects the Pre-Depends and Depends fields.
depends-version: Don't care about versions when checking dependencies. This affects the Pre-Depends and
Depends fields.
breaks: Install, even if this would break another package (since dpkg 1.14.6). This affects the Breaks
field.
conflicts: Install, even if it conflicts with another package. This is dangerous, for it will usually
cause overwriting of some files. This affects the Conflicts field.
confmiss: Always install the missing conffile without prompting. This is dangerous, since it means not
preserving a change (removing) made to the file.
confnew: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always install the
new version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default
action is preferred.
confold: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always keep the old
version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default
action is preferred.
confdef: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always choose the
default action without prompting. If there is no default action it will stop to ask the user unless
--force-confnew or --force-confold is also been given, in which case it will use that to decide the
final action.
confask: If a conffile has been modified always offer to replace it with the version in the package,
even if the version in the package did not change (since dpkg 1.15.8). If any of --force-confnew,
--force-confold, or --force-confdef is also given, it will be used to decide the final action.
overwrite: Overwrite one package's file with another's file.
overwrite-dir: Overwrite one package's directory with another's file.
overwrite-diverted: Overwrite a diverted file with an undiverted version.
statoverride-add: Overwrite an existing stat override when adding it (since dpkg 1.19.5).
statoverride-remove: Ignore a missing stat override when removing it (since dpkg 1.19.5).
security-mac(*): Use platform-specific Mandatory Access Controls (MAC) based security when installing
files into the filesystem (since dpkg 1.19.5). On Linux systems the implementation uses SELinux.
unsafe-io: Do not perform safe I/O operations when unpacking (since dpkg 1.15.8.6). Currently this
implies not performing file system syncs before file renames, which is known to cause substantial
performance degradation on some file systems, unfortunately the ones that require the safe I/O on the
first place due to their unreliable behaviour causing zero-length files on abrupt system crashes.
Note: For ext4, the main offender, consider using instead the mount option nodelalloc, which will fix
both the performance degradation and the data safety issues, the latter by making the file system not
produce zero-length files on abrupt system crashes with any software not doing syncs before atomic
renames.
Warning: Using this option might improve performance at the cost of losing data, use with care.
script-chrootless: Run maintainer scripts without chroot(2)ing into instdir even if the package does not
support this mode of operation (since dpkg 1.18.5).
Warning: This can destroy your host system, use with extreme care.
architecture: Process even packages with wrong or no architecture.
bad-version: Process even packages with wrong versions (since dpkg 1.16.1).
bad-path: PATH is missing important programs, so problems are likely.
not-root: Try to (de)install things even when not root.
bad-verify: Install a package even if it fails authenticity check.
--ignore-depends=package,...
Ignore dependency-checking for specified packages (actually, checking is performed, but only warnings
about conflicts are given, nothing else). This affects the Pre-Depends, Depends and Breaks fields.
--no-act, --dry-run, --simulate
Do everything which is supposed to be done, but don't write any changes. This is used to see what would
happen with the specified action, without actually modifying anything.
Be sure to give --no-act before the action-parameter, or you might end up with undesirable results.
(e.g. dpkg --purge foo --no-act will first purge package foo and then try to purge package --no-act,
even though you probably expected it to actually do nothing)
-R, --recursive
Recursively handle all regular files matching pattern *.deb found at specified directories and all of
its subdirectories. This can be used with -i, -A, --install, --unpack and --record-avail actions.
-G Don't install a package if a newer version of the same package is already installed. This is an alias of
--refuse-downgrade.
--admindir=dir
Set the administrative directory to directory. This directory contains many files that give information
about status of installed or uninstalled packages, etc. Defaults to <</var/lib/dpkg>>.
--instdir=dir
Set the installation directory, which refers to the directory where packages are to be installed.
instdir is also the directory passed to chroot(2) before running package's installation scripts, which
means that the scripts see instdir as a root directory. Defaults to <</>>.
--root=dir
Set the root directory to directory, which sets the installation directory to <<dir>> and the
administrative directory to <<dir/var/lib/dpkg>>.
-O, --selected-only
Only process the packages that are selected for installation. The actual marking is done with dselect or
by dpkg, when it handles packages. For example, when a package is removed, it will be marked selected
for deinstallation.
-E, --skip-same-version
Don't install the package if the same version of the package is already installed.
--pre-invoke=command
--post-invoke=command
Set an invoke hook command to be run via "sh -c" before or after the dpkg run for the unpack, configure,
install, triggers-only, remove, purge, add-architecture and remove-architecture dpkg actions (since dpkg
1.15.4; add-architecture and remove-architecture actions since dpkg 1.17.19). This option can be
specified multiple times. The order the options are specified is preserved, with the ones from the
configuration files taking precedence. The environment variable DPKG_HOOK_ACTION is set for the hooks
to the current dpkg action. Note: front-ends might call dpkg several times per invocation, which might
run the hooks more times than expected.
--path-exclude=glob-pattern
--path-include=glob-pattern
Set glob-pattern as a path filter, either by excluding or re-including previously excluded paths
matching the specified patterns during install (since dpkg 1.15.8).
Warning: take into account that depending on the excluded paths you might completely break your system,
use with caution.
The glob patterns use the same wildcards used in the shell, were '*' matches any sequence of characters,
including the empty string and also '/'. For example, <</usr/*/READ*>> matches
<</usr/share/doc/package/README>>. As usual, '?' matches any single character (again, including '/').
And '[' starts a character class, which can contain a list of characters, ranges and complementations.
See glob(7) for detailed information about globbing. Note: the current implementation might re-include
more directories and symlinks than needed, to be on the safe side and avoid possible unpack failures;
future work might fix this.
This can be used to remove all paths except some particular ones; a typical case is:
--path-exclude=/usr/share/doc/*
--path-include=/usr/share/doc/*/copyright
to remove all documentation files except the copyright files.
These two options can be specified multiple times, and interleaved with each other. Both are processed
in the given order, with the last rule that matches a file name making the decision.
The filters are applied when unpacking the binary packages, and as such only have knowledge of the type
of object currently being filtered (e.g. a normal file or a directory) and have not visibility of what
objects will come next. Because these filters have side effects (in contrast to find(1) filters),
excluding an exact pathname that happens to be a directory object like /usr/share/doc will not have the
desired result, and only that pathname will be excluded (which could be automatically reincluded if the
code sees the need). Any subsequent files contained within that directory will fail to unpack.
Hint: make sure the globs are not expanded by your shell.
--verify-format format-name
Sets the output format for the --verify command (since dpkg 1.17.2).
The only currently supported output format is rpm, which consists of a line for every path that failed
any check. The lines start with 9 characters to report each specific check result, a '?' implies the
check could not be done (lack of support, file permissions, etc), '.' implies the check passed, and an
alphanumeric character implies a specific check failed; the md5sum verification failure (the file
contents have changed) is denoted with a '5' on the third character. The line is followed by a space
and an attribute character (currently 'c' for conffiles), another space and the pathname.
--status-fd n
Send machine-readable package status and progress information to file descriptor n. This option can be
specified multiple times. The information is generally one record per line, in one of the following
forms:
status: package: status
Package status changed; status is as in the status file.
status: package : error : extended-error-message
An error occurred. Any possible newlines in extended-error-message will be converted to spaces
before output.
status: file : conffile-prompt : 'real-old' 'real-new' useredited distedited
User is being asked a conffile question.
processing: stage: package
Sent just before a processing stage starts. stage is one of upgrade, install (both sent before
unpacking), configure, trigproc, disappear, remove, purge.
--status-logger=command
Send machine-readable package status and progress information to the shell command's standard input, to
be run via "sh -c" (since dpkg 1.16.0). This option can be specified multiple times. The output format
used is the same as in --status-fd.
--log=filename
Log status change updates and actions to filename, instead of the default /var/log/dpkg.log. If this
option is given multiple times, the last filename is used. Log messages are of the form:
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS startup type command
For each dpkg invocation where type is archives (with a command of unpack or install) or packages
(with a command of configure, triggers-only, remove or purge).
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS status state pkg installed-version
For status change updates.
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS action pkg installed-version available-version
For actions where action is one of install, upgrade, configure, trigproc, disappear, remove or
purge.
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS conffile filename decision
For conffile changes where decision is either install or keep.
--no-pager
Disables the use of any pager when showing information (since dpkg 1.19.2).
--no-debsig
Do not try to verify package signatures.
--no-triggers
Do not run any triggers in this run (since dpkg 1.14.17), but activations will still be recorded. If
used with --configure package or --triggers-only package then the named package postinst will still be
run even if only a triggers run is needed. Use of this option may leave packages in the improper
triggers-awaited and triggers-pending states. This can be fixed later by running: dpkg --configure
--pending.
--triggers
Cancels a previous --no-triggers (since dpkg 1.14.17).
EXIT STATUS
0 The requested action was successfully performed. Or a check or assertion command returned true.
1 A check or assertion command returned false.
2 Fatal or unrecoverable error due to invalid command-line usage, or interactions with the system, such as
accesses to the database, memory allocations, etc.
ENVIRONMENT
External environment
PATH This variable is expected to be defined in the environment and point to the system paths where several
required programs are to be found. If it's not set or the programs are not found, dpkg will abort.
HOME If set, dpkg will use it as the directory from which to read the user specific configuration file.
TMPDIR If set, dpkg will use it as the directory in which to create temporary files and directories.
SHELL The program dpkg will execute when starting a new interactive shell, or when spawning a command via a
shell.
PAGER
DPKG_PAGER
The program dpkg will execute when running a pager, for example when displaying the conffile
differences. If SHELL is not set, <<sh>> will be used instead. The DPKG_PAGER overrides the PAGER
environment variable (since dpkg 1.19.2).
DPKG_COLORS
Sets the color mode (since dpkg 1.18.5). The currently accepted values are: auto (default), always and
never.
DPKG_FORCE
Sets the force flags (since dpkg 1.19.5). When this variable is present, no built-in force defaults
will be applied. If the variable is present but empty, all force flags will be disabled.
DPKG_FRONTEND_LOCKED
Set by a package manager frontend to notify dpkg that it should not acquire the frontend lock (since
dpkg 1.19.1).
Internal environment
LESS Defined by dpkg to "-FRSXMQ", if not already set, when spawning a pager (since dpkg 1.19.2). To change
the default behavior, this variable can be preset to some other value including an empty string, or the
PAGER or DPKG_PAGER variables can be set to disable specific options with <<-+>>, for example
DPKG_PAGER="less -+F".
DPKG_ROOT
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to indicate which installation to act on (since
dpkg 1.18.5). The value is intended to be prepended to any path maintainer scripts operate on. During
normal operation, this variable is empty. When installing packages into a different instdir, dpkg
normally invokes maintainer scripts using chroot(2) and leaves this variable empty, but if
--force-script-chrootless is specified then the chroot(2) call is skipped and instdir is non-empty.
DPKG_ADMINDIR
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to indicate the dpkg administrative directory to
use (since dpkg 1.16.0). This variable is always set to the current --admindir value.
DPKG_FORCE
Defined by dpkg on the subprocesses environment to all the currently enabled force option names
separated by commas (since dpkg 1.19.5).
DPKG_SHELL_REASON
Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg
1.15.6). Current valid value: conffile-prompt.
DPKG_CONFFILE_OLD
Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg
1.15.6). Contains the path to the old conffile.
DPKG_CONFFILE_NEW
Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg
1.15.6). Contains the path to the new conffile.
DPKG_HOOK_ACTION
Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned when executing a hook action (since dpkg 1.15.4). Contains the
current dpkg action.
DPKG_RUNNING_VERSION
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the version of the currently running dpkg
instance (since dpkg 1.14.17).
DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the (non-arch-qualified) package name being
handled (since dpkg 1.14.17).
DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE_REFCOUNT
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the package reference count, i.e. the number of
package instances with a state greater than not-installed (since dpkg 1.17.2).
DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_ARCH
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the architecture the package got built for
(since dpkg 1.15.4).
DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_NAME
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the name of the script running, one of preinst,
postinst, prerm or postrm (since dpkg 1.15.7).
DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_DEBUG
Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to a value ('0' or '1') noting whether debugging
has been requested (with the --debug option) for the maintainer scripts (since dpkg 1.18.4).
FILES
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/[0-9a-zA-Z_-]*
Configuration fragment files (since dpkg 1.15.4).
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
Configuration file with default options.
/var/log/dpkg.log
Default log file (see /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg and option --log).
The other files listed below are in their default directories, see option --admindir to see how to change
locations of these files.
/var/lib/dpkg/available
List of available packages.
/var/lib/dpkg/status
Statuses of available packages. This file contains information about whether a package is marked for
removing or not, whether it is installed or not, etc. See section INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES for more
info.
The status file is backed up daily in /var/backups. It can be useful if it's lost or corrupted due to
filesystems troubles.
The format and contents of a binary package are described in deb(5).
BUGS
--no-act usually gives less information than might be helpful.
EXAMPLES
To list installed packages related to the editor vi(1) (note that dpkg-query does not load the available file
anymore by default, and the dpkg-query --load-avail option should be used instead for that):
dpkg -l '*vi*'
To see the entries in /var/lib/dpkg/available of two packages:
dpkg --print-avail elvis vim | less
To search the listing of packages yourself:
less /var/lib/dpkg/available
To remove an installed elvis package:
dpkg -r elvis
To install a package, you first need to find it in an archive or CDROM. The available file shows that the vim
package is in section editors:
cd /media/cdrom/pool/main/v/vim
dpkg -i vim_4.5-3.deb
To make a local copy of the package selection states:
dpkg --get-selections >myselections
You might transfer this file to another computer, and after having updated the available file there with your
package manager frontend of choice (see https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg/FAQ for more details), for example:
apt-cache dumpavail | dpkg --merge-avail
or with dpkg 1.17.6 and earlier:
avail=`mktemp`
apt-cache dumpavail >"$avail"
dpkg --merge-avail "$avail"
rm "$avail"
you can install it with:
dpkg --clear-selections
dpkg --set-selections <myselections
Note that this will not actually install or remove anything, but just set the selection state on the requested
packages. You will need some other application to actually download and install the requested packages. For
example, run apt-get dselect-upgrade.
Ordinarily, you will find that dselect(1) provides a more convenient way to modify the package selection
states.
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY
Additional functionality can be gained by installing any of the following packages: apt, aptitude and debsums.
SEE ALSO
aptitude(1), apt(1), dselect(1), dpkg-deb(1), dpkg-query(1), deb(5), deb-control(5), dpkg.cfg(5), and
dpkg-reconfigure(8).
AUTHORS
See /usr/share/doc/dpkg/THANKS for the list of people who have contributed to dpkg.
1.19.8 2022-05-24 dpkg(1)
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